Scudder's

Latin Reader

LiBRARY OF CONGRESS.

©lap, ©Dprjg^i la —

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

FIRST LATIN READER

INCLUDING

principles of ^gntax

AND

lExcrcises for ^Translation

/BY

JARED W. SCUDDER, A.M.

Latin Master in the Albany Academy

^,^ OF 09^5^

/

Boston

ALLYN AND BACON 1895

0.3

^s

Copyright, 1895, By Jaked W. Scudder.

/^-3?yi-5'

Electrotyping by C. J. Peteks & Son.

Pkesswork by Berwick & Smith.

PREFACE.

The first distinctive feature of this book is, as its name suggests, that the lessons contain connected Latin passages for the pupil to read. As soon as practicable, the special grammatical points to be learned in each lesson are illustrated, not in disconnected sentences, but in a continuous Latin story. The stories are drawn chiefly from Eoman mythology and traditional Eoman history, interspersed with an occasional passage on the life of the Eomans. This plan has the following advan- tages : —

1. It acts as a j^owerful incentive to work,

2. It adds directly to the pnpiVs knowledge of Roviaii mythology^ traditions^ and customs.

3. It emphasizes at the outset the fact that grammar is merely a means to the enjoyment of literature.

The second feature of the book is that all the exer- cises for translating English into Latin are based on the Latin text immediately preceding them.

A third point of special importance is that, beginning with Lesson XX., a passage to be translated at sight is included in every lesson. In the report of the Latin Conference to the Committee on Secondary School Studies this point is particularly emphasized. After stating the views of those who shrink from adopting

IV PBEFACE,

translation at sight as the sole test of the piipiPs at- tainments, the following significant sentence is added : '^ Yet the importance of devoting a good deal of atten- tion to translation at sight is now universally acknowl- edged among the best teachers in school and college; and the recommendation that translation at sight form a constant and increasing part of the examination for admission and of the work of preparation, is therefore regarded by the Conference as of especial moment.''

Lastly, questions in Latin, referring to the text, are included in the lessons, in the hope that teachers will avail themselves of this simple but effective mode of familiarizing their scholars with the Latin itself. Noth- ing gives the pupil a firmer grasp on phrases, nothing fits him more quickly to understand Latin without trans- lating it, than this very method of asking and answering questions in Latin.

In addition to these more important features of the book, attention is directed to the following points : —

1. The systematic and thorough drill on pronuncia- tion in the first two lessons.

2. The incorporation of all necessary principles of English grammar in the body of the book.

3. The omission of the Vocative case in the para- digms, sufiicient emphasis being laid upon it in the rules.

4. The use of -is instead of -es in the Accusative Plural of -i stems of the Third Declension. This has not only become necessary on account of its use in many of the latest school texts, but it is desirable as a means of distinguishing between the Nominative and Accusative Plural.

PEE FACE. V

5. The comparative view of the declensions of nouns and adjectives in the tables on pages 204 and 211.

6. The comparative view of the four regular conjuga- tions in the body of the book, supplemented on pages 221-231 by the presentation of the Active and Passive voices of each conjugation^ side by side.

7. The questions for the pupils at the end of the lessons. These are not intended to take the place of questions by the teacher, but are merely to enable the pupil to ascertain whether he has thoroughly mastered his lesson.

The lessons appear to be much longer than they really are. It must be remembered that the labors of the pupil practically end with the translation of the English sentences into Latin, the rest of the lesson being re- served for the class-room.

The author is indebted to many friends for helpful suggestions, but particularly to Professor P. J. Bartlett of the Albany Normal College, and to Professor C. B. GooLD of the Alban}^ Academy.

It is hoped that the use of this book will not only add to the beginner's enjoyment of Latin, but that it will insure rapid progress and unusual facility in reading and understanding the language.

JARED W. SCUDDER. Albany, N.Y., December, 1894.

CONTENTS.

LESSON PAGE

I. Alphabet. — Sounds of the Letters. — Quantity of

Vowels 1

II. Syllables. — Quantity of Syllables. — Accent .... 4

III. ^oun. — Verb. — Subject and Object 6

lY. Singular and Plural 8

Y. Rules. — Cases. — Inflection. — First Declension . . 10 YI. Gender. — Genitive of Possession. — Pronouns. — Ad- verbs 12

YII. Dative of the Indirect Object. — Questions .... 15 YIII. Ablative of Separation. — Conjunctions. — Regina

Belgarum 17

IX. Second Declension: N'ouns in -us. — Yocative Case.

— Conloquium 19

X. Second Declension : Xouns in -um. — Predicate K'om-

inative. — Prepositions. — Fundus 21

XI. Adjectives in -us, -a, -um. — Ablative of Means. —

Cygnus 24

XII. Xouns and Adjectives in -er and -ir. — Apposition.

— Preposition in. — Pueri Romani 26

XIII. Tense. — Person. — Xumber. — Yerb Sum : Present,

Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Dative of Pos- sessor. — Conloquium 30

XIY. Mood. — Principal Parts. —First Conjugation: Pres- ent, Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Perfida Tarpeia 34

XY. Second Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Mettius Curtius. — Sight Transla- tion: Mettius Curtius (concluded) 37

vii

Vlll

CONTENTS.

LESSON PAGE

XYI. Third Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Ablative of Manner. — Meleager.

— Sight Translation: Meleager {concluded) . . 40 XYII. Fourth Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Fu- ture Indicative. — Ablative of Cause. — Perseus

et Andromeda. — Sight Translation: Perseus

et Andromeda {concluded) 43

XYIII. Third Declension: Liquid Stems. — Forum Roma- num. — Sight Translation: Forum Romanum

{concluded) 46

XIX. Third Declension: Mute Stems. — Gabii. — Sight

Translation: Gabii {concluded) 50

XX. Third Declension : -i Stems. — Briitus et Filii Tarquini. — Sight Translation: Brutus et Filii

Tarquini {concluded) 53

XXI. Third Declension : Mixed Stems. — Gender Rules. Ablative of Accompaniment. — Horatius Codes.

— Sight Translation: Horatius Codes {con- cluded) 57

XXII. Yerb Sum : Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative ; Imperative. — Atalanta. — Sight

Translation: Atalanta {concluded) 61

XXIII. Third Declension Adjectives : -i Stems. — First Con- jugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative; Imperative. — Deucalion etPyrrha.

— Sight Translation : Deucalion et Pyrrha {concluded) 65

XXIY. Third Declension Adjectives: Consonant Stems.

— Second Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative ; Imperative. — C. Mu- cins Scaevola. — Sight Translation: C. Mucins Scaevola {concluded) 69

XXY. Fourth Declension. — Third Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative; Im- perative.— Duo Equites. — Sight Translation: Duo Equites {concluded) 72

CONTENTS.

IX

LESSON PAGE

XXyi. Fifth Declension. — Fourtli Conjugation: Per- fect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative ; Imperative. — Accusative of Time. — Proser- pina.— Sight Translation: Proserpina (^con- cluded) 76

XXyil. Personal and Keflexive Pronouns. — Double Accusative. — Perseus et Medusa. — Sight Translation: Perseus et Medusa (conh'?u{ed) 80

XXYIII. Voice. — First Conjugation : Indicative and Im- perative Passive. — Ablative of Agent. — Per- seus et Medusa (continued'). — Sight Trans- lation : Perseus et Medusa (^concluded) . . 83 XXIX. Demonstrative Pronouns: Hie, Ille, Iste. — Second Conjugation: Indicative and Impera- tive Passive. — Arion et Delphinus. — Sight Translation: Arion et Delphinus (con- cluded) 88

XXX. Demonstrative Pronouns : Is, Idem, Ipse. — Third Conjugation: Indicative and Imperative Passive. — Domus Romana. — Sight Transla- tion: Domus Romana (concluded) .... 92 XXXI. Kelative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns. — Fourth Conjugation : Indicative and Imper- ative Passive. Obsidio Veiorum. — Sight Translation: Obsidio Veiorum (concluded) 96 XXXII. Eegular Comparison. — Declension of Compara- tives.— Ablative with Comparatives. — The- seus.— Sight Translation: Theseus (con- tinued) 101

XXXIII. Irregular Comparison. — Ablative of Degree of Difference. — Theseus et Latrones. — Sight Translation: Theseus et Latrones (cont.) , 106

XXXiy. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. — Geni- tive and Ablative of Characteristic. — The- seus et Latrones (continued), — Sight Trans- lation: Theseus et Latrones (conc^w(^e(^) . 110

CONTENTS.

LESSON PAGE

XXXY. IS'uinerals. — Partitive Genitive. — Kine Irreg- ular Adjectives. — Bupellex Domus Ro- manae. — Sight Translation : Supellex Do- mus Romanae {concluded) 114

XXXYI. Active Infinitives, — Complementary Infini- tive. — Expressions of Place. — Theseus et Aegeus. — Sight Translation: Theseus et

Aegeus {concluded) 119

XXXYII. Passive Infinitives. — Infinitive as a Xoun. — Simple Indirect Discourse. — Dative with Special Verbs. — Ablative of Specification. — Daedalus. — Sight Translation: Daedalus

{concluded) 123

XXXYIII. Participles. — Ablative Absolute. — Theseus et Minotaurus. — Sight Translation: The- seus et Minotaurus {concluded) .... 129 XXXIX. Gerund. — Gerundive. — Supine. — Ablative of Time. — Theseus et Ariadne. — Sight Translation: Theseus et Ariadne {con- cluded) 135

XL. Derivation and Composition of Words. — Nup- tiae Romanae. — Sight Translation: Nup-

tiae Romanae {concluded) 139

XLI. Subjunctive of Sum. — Hortatory Subjunctive.

— Subjunctive of Wish. — Midas. — Sight Translation: Midas {concluded) .... 146

XLII. Active Subjunctive. — Indirect Question. — Genitive and Dative with Adjectives — lason et Centaurus. — Sight Translation : lason

et Anus 150

XLIII. Passive Subjunctive. — Subjunctive of Pur- pose.— Dative of Service. — lason et Dea.

— Sight Translation: lason et Pelias . . 155 XLIY. Verbs in -io. — Subjunctive of Result. — Vel-

lus Aureum. — Sight Translation: lasonis Socii 160

COXTENTS.

Xi

LESSON TAGE

XLY. Deponent Verbs. — Yerbs of Fearing. — Quin Clauses. — Argonautae. — Sight Translation : Argonautae et Cyzicus 165

XLYI. Ablative with Deponents. — Accusative of Ex- tent. — Simple Conditions. — Ludi Circenses.

— Sight Translation: Ludi Circenses (con- cluded) 170

XLYIL Compounds of Sum. — Conditionals. — Hercules et Hylas. — Sight Translation: Phineus et

Harpyiae 176

XLYIII. Active and Passive Periphrastic Conjugations.

— Dative of Agent. — Objective Genitive. — Symplegades. — Sight Translation: Sym- plegades (concluded) 180

XLIX. Irregular Yerb Eo. — Cum Temporal, Causal, and Concessive. — lason et Medea. — Sight

Translation: Perfidus Rex 184

L. Irregular Yerb Fero. — Dum, Donee, and Quoad. — Antequam and Priusquam. — Potentissimum Unguentum. — Sight Trans- lation: Flammiferi Tauri 189

LI. Irregular Yerbs Volo, Nolo, Malo. — Subjunc- tive in Indirect Discourse. — Mediae Fuga.

— Sight Translation: Medea et Draco . . . 194 LII. Irregular Yerb Fio. — Vellus Aureum. — Sight

Translation: Reditus Argonautarum . . . 201 Tables of Declension and Conjugation .... 204 Latin-English Yocabulary 217

First Latin Reader.

LESSON I. Alphabet ; Pronunciation.

1. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English, except that it has no j or w.

2. The letters are divided into vowels and consonants.

VOWELS.

3. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y ; they are either long or short.

a, A long vowel is marked with a dash, thus : a.

h. A short vowel is not marked.

4. The vowels are sonnded as follows :

a as in /ar. a as in a-rise,

e as in they. e as in men.

i as in ma-rine. i as in pin.

o as in bone. o as in o-bey.

u as 00 in cool. u as in full.

5. Pronounce the following words :

a: na, qua, sta. i : di, nil, nl.

e : me, ne, te. o : do, pro, sto.

u : nil, sii, tii.

2 LATIN REAJJEB. — LESSON L

a, a and a : sa-ga, sa-ga ; ma-lo, ma-lo ; fa-vi, fa-vi. e and e : e-mi, e-mi; e-di, e-di; se-ro, se-ro. 1 and i : di-co, di-co ; «i-ni, si-ni ; li-no, li-no. o and o : no-ta, no-ta ; so-lo, so-lo ; lo-ra, lo-ra. u and u : lu-to, lu-to ; f u-gi, f u-gi ; su-di, su-di.

DIPHTHONGS.

6. The diphthongs are sounded as follows :

ae as ai in aisle, au as ow in cow.

oe as oy in boy. eu as eu in feud,

7. Pronounce the following words :

ae : ae-tas, ae-ger, lae-sum, pae-ne, sae-pe. au: au-la, au-ri, fau-tor, lau-de, pau-lo. oe : coe-pT, foe-de, poe-na, Oe-ta, oe-strus. eu : heu, sen, neu-ter, Eu-rus, Leu-ci.

GENERAL RULES FOR QUANTITY OF VOWELS.

8. Diphthongs are long, as : haec, poenae.

a. A vowel followed by nf, ns, gm, gn, or i (consonant) is long, as : infra, mensa, agmen, ignis, cuius.

b. A vowel followed by another vowel, or by a diphthong, or by h is short, as : via, tuae, vehit.

c. A vowel followed by nt or nd is short, as : sunt, aniandus.

CONSONANTS.

9. The consonants may be classified as follows :

! Labials: p, b. Linguals: t, d. Palatals: c, k, q, g.

h. Liquids : 1, m, n, r.

c. Spirants : f, s.

d. Semi-vowels : v, i (consonant).

PB ON UNCI A TION. 3

e. Double consonants : x = cs or gs, z == ds. /. h is only a breathing.

10. The consonants are sounded as follows :

c as in cap (not as in cent),

g as in (jet (not as in gem).

i {consonant) as y in yet.

s as in sin (not as in mi-ser).

t as in ten (not as in na-tion).

V as to in wet.

z as dz in adze.

ch as in chorus.

The other consonants are sounded as in English.

11. Pronounce the following words :

c : ca-dus, cae-cus, Cae-sar, co-mes, cu-ra.

g: gau-di-um, ge-nus, glo-ri-a, gra-dus, gu-la.

i : iam, lu-no, iiis, iii-dex, lo-vis.

s : sa-tis, sce-lus, se-des, so-ror, sta-tus.

t : ta-men, i-ni-ti-o, o-ra-ti-o, iiun-ti-o, sta-ti-o.

v: vi-cus, a-vis, va-dum, ser-vus, vol-nus.

z : Za-ma, ga-zam, Tra-pe-ziis.

ch : cho-rus, cha-os, char-tae, Bac-chus, Ar-chi-as.

QUESTIONS.

12. How does the Latin alphabet differ from the English ? Name the vowels. What is the quantity of a diphthong ? When is a vowel long ? When is a vowel short ? How may the mutes be classified ? Name the liquids. Give the equivalents of the double consonants. What is the value of h ?

4 LATIN UEABEB.— LESSON IL

LESSON II. Syllables ; Accent.

13. A word is divided into as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs.

Exc. After q, g, and generally s, (also in cui and huic), the vowel u, when followed by a vowel, does not form a separate syllable, as : an-guis, quo-que, sua-det.

a. A consonant between two vowels is joined to the second vowel, as : a-vi, 6-ra.

b. When there are two or more consonants, as many of them as can begin a word should be joined to the second vowel, as : ge-stum, i-gni, pi-sces, ter-ra, ven-tus.

Exc. The words forming a compound should be separated, as: ad-est.

14. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima; the next to the last, the penult; the one before the penult, the antepenult,

15. Divide into syllables :

animal, colonus, dirimo, gratus, libertas, princeps,

responsum, subter, tranquillitas ; victus, priscus, occurro, incendiurn, quTnque, comitia,

decertatio, cognosco, controversia, languidus ; litterate, insisto, prosterno, elephantus, adloquor,

tulisti, condemno, intratus, mansuetiido.

QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES.

16. A syllable is long :

a. When it contains a long vowel, or a diphthong, as : lac, mens, haec, ae-tas ;

ACCENT, 5

h. When it contains a sliort vowel followed either by two consonants, or by x, or z, as : a-sper, sal-tant, sa-xa, ga-za.

17. What is the quantity of the syllables in the fol- lowing words ?

liomam, tempestatis, epulae, aurum, arae, tabellarius,

flexus, proverbio, postero, aequus ; uiaturorum, gentis, quisquam, stellae, suavitas, ser-

nionibus, captivos, sanguine.

ACCENT.

18. Words of two syllables are accented on the penult, as ; a'-per, tu'-tus.

a. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult, if it is long ; otherwise, on the antepenult, as : de-co^-rum, de^-co-rum.

b, A few short words called enclitics are used only as they are added to other words. The accent falls on the syllable before the enclitic, as : sua'que, estis'ne.

19. Accent and pronounce the following:

labes gignis, putas, mare, niillns, puer, lupus; laudare, puellis, telliiris, scribere, monere ; tergorum, tergorum, audimus, tegimus ; vestra-que, obsidibus, multitiido, facillimus ; capiebant, munitio, habet-ne, opportiiue ; vincimus, vincimus, perfugit, perfiigit.

QUESTIONS.

20. Into how many syllables is a \vord divided ? How are the consonants placed? Name the last three syllables of a word. Kule for accent. What effect has an enclitic upon ac- cent ? When is a syllable long ?

6 LATIN BEABER, — LESSON IlL

LESSON III. Noun, Verb, Subject, Object.

21. A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, as : John^ Boston, table,

22. A Verb expresses action or being, as: run, is. Every sentence must contain a verb.

23. The Subject in a sentence is that which does the action, and is said to be in the Nominative case, as : The dog bites.

24. The Object is that which receives the action, and is said to be in the Accusative case, as : The dog bit the boy.

25. In English, the subject is usually put before the verb; the object after it. In the two sentences which follow, note the difference in meaning, caused by chan- ging the position of the word boy.

The boy killed the wolf The wolf killed the boy.

a. In Latin, this difference is expressed — not by changing the order of the nouns — but by their endings.

26. Note carefully the endings of the words in the following Latin sentences :

Vitat. (ife, slie^ or it) avoids.

Nauta vitat. The sailor avoids.

Nauta advenam vitat. The sailor avoids the stranger.

Nautam advena vitat. The stranger avoids the sailor.

a. Observe that the verb vitat ends in -t. The verb- stem vita- means avoid. As in English, when the sub-

SUBJECT AND OBJECT. 7

ject is he, she. or it, we add -5 to tlie verb (e.g., he avoids), so the Latin adds -t.

h. ]Srotice :

That nauta and advena, when used as subjects, end in -a;

That nauta and advena, when used as objects, end in -am.

27. VOCABULARY.

XOUNS.

NOMIXATIVE.	ACCUSATIVE.		3IEANING.	DERIVATIVE.
nauta,	nautam,		sailor.	nautical.
advena,	advenam,		stranger.	adventure.
porta.	portani,		gate.	portal.
silva.	silvam,		wood, forest.	silvan.
puella,	puellam,		girl.
casa,	casam,		cottage, hut.
	VEEBS	■•
vitat,	(he, she,	it)	avoids.
intrat,	(he, she,	it)	enters.	entrance.
invitat,	(he, she.	it)	invites.	invite.

28. As the Latin has no word for the, an, or a, the pupil may use whichever is best suited to the noun he is translating.

29. Translate into English:

1. Nauta puellam vTtat. 2. Advenam puella vT- tat. 3. Advena silvam intrat. 4. Nautam advena invitat. 5. Puella advenam invitat. 6. Nauta portam intrat. 7. Puella nautam vitat. 8. Casam advena intrat. 9. Puella silvam vitat. 10. Por- tam advena intrat.

8 LATIN BEADEll. — LESSON IV.

30. Translate into Latin :

1. The girl enters the wood. 2. The sailor avoids the cottage. 8. The girl invites a sailor. 4. A stranger avoids the hut. 5. A sailor invites the stranger. 6, The stranger invites the girl. 7. The sailor enters a cottage. 8. The stranger avoids the gate. 9. A girl enters the gate. 10. The sailor avoids the wood.

QUESTIONS.

31. Define noun, verb, subject, object. In what case must the subject be ? In what case must the object be ? Divide into syllables and accent: torpescerent, impensurus, amatus.

LESSON IV. Singular, Plural.

32. There are two numbers^ the Singular and the Plural.

a. The Singular number denotes one^ as : girl, sailor, h. The Plural number denotes more than one, as : girls J sailors.

33. Vitant. {They) amid. Nautae vitant. The sailors avoid.

Nautae advenas vitant. The sailors avoid the stranyers. Advenae nautas vitant. The strangers avoid the sailors.

Observe :

<7. That the verb vitant ends in -nt, which is equiva- lent to til eg ;

SINGULAB AND PLURAL. 9

b. That nauta and advena, when used as subjects in the Plural number end in -ae ;

c. That nauta and advena, when used as objects in the Flural number end in -as.

6^.	VOCABULARY.
		XOUNS.
NOMINATIVE.	ACCUSATIVE.	MEANING.	DERIVATIV
nautae,	nautas.	sailors.	nautical.
advenae,	advenas,	strangers.	adventure.
portae,	portas,	gates.	portal.
silvae,	siivas.	woods, forests.	silvan.
puellae,	puellas,	girls.
casae,	casas.	cottages, huts. VEEBS.
vitant,	{they	') avoid.
intrant,	{they) enter.	entrance.
in vitant, {they	') invite.	invite.

35.

1. PueUae naiitas invTtant. 2. Nautae puellas invTtant. 3. Adveuae casas Yitant. 4. Puellae nautam vitant. 5. Casam advenae intrant.

6. Nauta advenas vTtat. 7. Portas advenae in- trant. 8. Casas puella vTtat. 9. Portam nauta intrat. 10. Puellae casas intrant.

36.

1. The strano-ers enter the cottaofes. 2. Sailors

invite the strano*ers. 3. The sailors avoid the ofirl.

•4. The Qfirls invite strancrers. 5. Stranwrs avoid

O CD CT5

the gates. 6. Tiie girl enters the woods. 7. The

10 LATIN READER. — LESSON V.

strangers avoid the sailor. 8. A girl avoids the sailors. 9. The sailors enter the gate. 10. The strangers invite the girls.

QUESTIO]>rS.

37. Defioe and illustrate Singular number; Plural number. What is the Nominative case used for ? The Accusative case ? Divide into syllables and accent : hospitalitas, cognitio, virum- que, requisitus.

LESSON V.

Rules ; Cases ; Inflection ; First Declension.

From the preceding lessons we deduce the following Rules :

38. Rule I. The Subject of a verb is in the Nomina- tive.

39. Rule II. The Object of a verb is in the Accusa- tive.

CASES.

40. Study carefully the following cases with their endings in both Singular and Plural, and what they denote :

NAMES.	SINGULAR.	DENOTING.	PLURAL.
Kominative,	-a,	Subject of verb.	-ae.
Genitive,	-ae,	of, or '5,	-arum.
Dative,	-ae,	to, or /or.	-is.
Accusative,	-am,	Object of verb.	-as.
Ablative,	-a,	from, with, by,	-is.

FIRST DECLENSION. 11

INFLECTION.

41. Changing the form of a word to show its relation to other words is called Inflection.

a. The Inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns is called Declension.

b. The Inflection of verbs is called Conjugation.

42. The Stem of a word is that common part from which the changes of inflection are formed. In the First Declension, the stem ends in -a, as : poeta.

43. The Base of a word is that part which is not changed in inflection, as : poet-.

FIRST DECLENSION.

44. porta, gate,

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

K. porta, a gate. portae, gates,

G. ^OTta.e, of a gate^ or, a portarum, of gates, or^ gates',

gate^s.

D. portae, to or for a gate. portis, to or for gates,

Ac. portam, a gate. portas, gates.

Ab. porta, /rom, icith, or by a portis, /ro?7i, with, or by gates, gate.

Like porta, decline nauta, advena, silva, puella, casa.

QUESTIOlSrs.

45. Define Inflection, Declension, Conjugation. What is the Stem of a word ? The Base ? Give the names, endings, and meanings, of all the cases. Singular and Plural, of the First De- clension. What is the use of changing the endings of nouns ?

12 LATIN BEADEPi. —LESSON VL

LESSONVI.

Gender ; Genitive of Possession ; Pronouns, Adverbs.

46. In English^ there are three genclersj viz., Mascu- line, Feminine, and Neuter.

a. The Masculine gender denotes males, as : mcni. loy.

h. The Feminine gender denotes females, as : icGwan, girl.

c. The Neuter gender denotes neither male nor female, as : hoolcj table.

47. In Latin, also, there are these three genders ; and males are always in the Masculine, and females in the Feminine gender. But there is this important dif- ference — that many nouns which are Neuter in English are either Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter in Latin ; their gender being determined by their ending rather than by their meaning ; e.g., liber, hook is Masculine ; mensa, table is Feminine.

48. Gender Rule. Nouns of the First Declension are Feminine.

Exc. Nouns denoting males are Masculine, as: nauta, sailor.

GENITIVE OF POSSESSION.

49. Puella advenae casam vitat.

r is avoiding i the cottage of the stranger. The girl < avoids < or

I does avoid (^ the stranger's cottage.

a. Notice that vitat may be translated avoids, is avoiding, or does avoid.

GENITIVE OF POSSESSIOX,

i:3

h. Observe that advenae is in the Genitive, and de- notes that the stranger owned or possessed the eottagc. Hence it is called the Genitive of Possession.

50. Rule III. The Genitive is used to denote Posses- sion.

PRONOUNS.

51. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun ; tlius, in the sentence : John s<iys that he ivlll come, the 2:>ronoun he is used instead of repeating the noun JoJm.

a. An Interrogative pronoun is one that may be used in asking questions, as: who? whicli?

ADVERBS.

52. An Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, as: lie fights bravely.

6.	VOCABULARY
	NOUNS.
NOAIINATIVE.	GENITIVF.	MKANING.	DERIVATIVE.
filia,	filiae,/.,	daughter.	filial.
agricola,	agricolae, m.,	farmer.	agriculture.
conviva,	convivae, m., or/.,	guest.	convivial.
fabula,	fabulae,./'.,	story.	fable.
rosa,	rosae, /.,	rose.	rose.
lulia,	luliae,/., VERBS.	Julia.	Julia.

laudat, (he, she, it) praises, is praising, or, does praise, laud. laudant, (they) praise, are praising, or, do praise.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

quis?		who ?
quid?	ADVERBS.	what ?

ncn,

not.

not.

14 LATIN BEADER. — LESSON VL

54. 1. Quis agricolae filiamlauclat? 2. Advena agricolae filiam laudat. 3. Agricola convivae fa- bulas laudat. 4. Nautae advenarum casas non vitant. 5. Agricolarum rosas puellae laudant. 6. Quis agricolae filias nou invitat ? 7. lulia agri- colae filias non invitat. 8. Puella advenae filias vitat. 9. Quid agricolae laudant? 10. Agricolae puellarum rosas laudant.

55. 1. Julia is praising the giiTs roses. 2. What do the strangers avoid ? 3. The strangers avoid the sailor's hut. 4. The girls are praising the roses of the guests. 5. Farmers do not invite the daugh- ters of strangers. 6. The guests of the farmer are praising the roses. 7. Guests are entering the stranger's cottage. 8. Who does not praise the stranger's daughter ? 9. The sailor does not praise the stranger's daughter. 10. Julia avoids the daughters of farmers.

QUESTIONS.

56. Define and illustrate Masculine gender; Feminine; N'eu- ter. How does the Latin differ from the English in gender ? Give the gender rule for the First Declension. What is the ex- ception to this rule ? What is meant by Genitive of Possession ? In what three ways may vitat he translated ? Define and illus- trate Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Adverbs. Decline : agricola, rosa, fabula.

INDIRECT OBJECT, 15

LESSON VII. Dative of the Indirect Object; Questions.

57. Agricola piiellae rosam dat.

( gives a rose to the girl. The faririer j ^ .^^^ ^j^^ ^.^^ ^ ^^^^^

a. Observe that puellae is in the Dative, and denotes the object indirectly receiving the action of the verb. Hence it is called the Dative of the Indirect Object.

h. Care must be taken to distinguish the Indirect from the Direct object, as the preposition to is often omitted in English.

58. Rule IV. The Indirect Object of a verb is put in the Dative.

QUESTIOlSrS.

59. Non-ne puellae advenas vitant? Bo not girls avoid strangers? (Fes.) iVi2222 nautae aquam vitant? Do sailors avoid the water? {No.) Intrat-iie lulia casam ? Is Julia entering the cottage ?

Observe :

a. That when the speaker expects the answer " Yes/' the word non-ne introduces the question.

h. That when he expects the answer " No/' the Inter- rogative Particle num. is used

c. That when he asks a question simply for informa- tion, the enclitic -ne is affixed to the most emphatic word in the sentence.

60. Note. The words my^ his, her, its, our, your, their, are often omitted in Latin.

16	LATIN READER, — LESSON VIL
61.	VOCABULARY.
	NOUXS.
NOMINATIVE.	GENITIVE. MEANING. DERIVATIVE.
via,	viae,./'., way, road. ^vay.
corona,	coronae, /'., crown, wreath, garland, crown.
regina.	reginae, /. , queen.
Flora,	Florae,.;'., Flora. - Flora.
	VERBS.

dat, (he, she, it) gives, is giving, oy\ does give.

dant, (they) give, are giving, 01% do give.

monstrat, (he, she, it) shows, is showing, oi\ does

show. demonstrate.

monstrant, (they) show, are showing, 0?% do show. narrat, (he, she, it) tells, is telling, 01% does tell, narrate.

narrant, (they) tell, are telling, or^ do tell.

62. 1. Puellae ad venae viam monstrant. 2. Non-ne nautae advenis fabulas narrant? 3. Nantnc advenis fabulas narrant. 4. Quid filiae agricolaruni reginae dant? 5. FTliae aoricolarum coronam reo-Tnae dant.

6. Monstrat-ne Flora advenis viam? 7. Flora ad- venij viam noii monstrat. 8. Num agricolae advenis fabulas narrant? 9. Agricolae advenis fabulas non narrant. 10. Agricolae filla reginae viam monstrat.

63. 1. Is the girl giving a rose to a stranger? 2. The girl is not giving a rose to a stranger. 3. Who is showing the way to the queen's daugliter? 4. The sailor is showing the w^ay to the daughter of the queen. 5. Do not queens avoid the cottages of strangers? 6. Queens do avoid strangers' cottages.

7. What is tlie sailor telling the farmer? 8. The sailor is telling stories to the farmer.

ABLATIVE OF ^L-PAIIATION, i.

QUESTIOiSTS.

64. Mention three ways of asking Questions in Latin. Accent narrat-ne. Illustrate the Dative of the Indirect Object. Why is it called the Indirect Object 9 What words must often be sup- plied in translating Latin into English? Decline regina, via, corona.

LESSON VIII. Ablative of Separation ; Conjunctions.

65. Advena puellam culpa liberat.

The stranger frees the girl from blame.

In the above sentence^ culpa is in the Ablative, and denotes that the blame is taken away from the girl. Hence it is called the Ablative of Separation.

66. Rule V. The Ablative is used to denote Separation.

COKJUXCTIONS.

67. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses, as : John and James are good scholars^ and often win 2)rizes in school.

m.	VOCABULARY.
		NOUNS.
NOMINATIVE.	GENITIVE.		MEANING.	DERIVATIVE,
culpa,	culpae, /.,		blame, fault.	culpable.
Belga,	Belgae, m.,		a Belgian.	Belgian.
vigilia,	vigiliae, /. ,		sentinel, watch.	vigilant.
catena,	catenae, /.,		chain.
diligentia,	diligentiae,	/.,	diligence.	diligence.

18

LATIN BEABEB.^- LESSON VUL

VERBS.

habebat,! (he, she, it) had, owned, possessed. have,

errat, (he, she, it) strays, wanders. err.

videt, (he, she, it) sees. vision,

capiunt, (they) seize, take prisoner. captive,

liberat, (he, she, it) frees, releases. liberate,

honorat, (he, she, it) honors, respects. honorable,

ADVERBS.

olim, once upon a time, formerly.

noctu, at night. nocturnal,

mane, early in the morning.

merito, deservedly, justly. merit,

COiS^ JUNCTIONS.

et, and. atque, and too, and even. sed, but.

KoTE. For the sake of greater vividness, the verb in Latin, as in English, often represents something as taking place now^ although in reality the time is past^ as, Mox videt advenam. Soon he saw (lit. sees) a stranger.

KEGLlNrA BELGARUM.

69. Regina Belgarnm silvam habebat. Olim conviva regmae via errat, et noctii silvam intrat. Vigiliae advenam vident et capiunt. Mane regina convivam catenas iTberat. Sed vigilias merito culpa liberat, atque diligentiam laudat.

70. 1. The guests free the sentinel from blame. 2. The queens are wandering from the road. 3. Does the stranger see the sentinel? 4. Does not the queen free the Belgians from blame ?

QUESTIONS.

71. Illustrate the Ablative of Separation by an example of your own. What is a conjunction ? Decline culpa, Belga, vigilia, catena.

1 The Plural of these verbs is formed, as in previous lessons, by adding -nttothe stem, as; habebant {they) had, owned, possessed.

SECO^I) UECLEJS^SIOJS^. — XOUNS IN -US. 19

LESSON IX. Second Declension — Nouns in -us; Vocative Case.

72. In tlie Second Declension, the stem ends in -o, as : servo.

73. Gender Rule. Xouns of the Second Declension whose !N"ominatiYe Singular ends in -us, -er, or -ir, are Masculine ; those ending in -um are Neuter.

74.

xouxs IX -us. servus, m., slave.

	SINGULAR.	PLURAL.	CASE	EXDINGS.
K.i	servus	servi	-US	-i
G.	servi	servo rum	-i	-orum
D.	servo	servis	-6	-is
Ac.	servum	servos	-um	-OS
Ab.	servo	servis	-o	-is

YOCATIYE CASE.

75. Nonne, na,uta>, reginam corona delectat? Does not the crown delight the queen, O sailor? Quid, serve, puella advenae m5nstrat? What, slave, is the girl showing the stranger f

a. Observe that, in these sentences, the sailor and the slave are addressed. They are said to be in the Vocative Case.

b. ISTotice also that while nauta has the same ending as in its Nominative Singular, serve has an entirely dis- tinct case ending in -e. See the following Eule :

76. Rule VI. The Vocative is used as the Case of

1 The cases express the same relations in all Declensions.

20

LATIN llEADEU.

LESSON tX.

Address ; it is always like the Koininativej except in the SliKjala}' of nouns ending in -us of the iSeeond Declen- sion^ where it ends in -e.

77.

NOMINATIVE.

servus,

equus,

cibus,

amicus,

Carolus,

Albertus,

VOCABULARY.

GENITIVE.

servi, ))>.^ equi, m.^ cibi, in.^ aniici, m,^ Caroli, ;//., Albert!, lu

NOUNS.

MEANING.

slave, servant.

horse.

food.

friend.

Charles.

Albert.

VERBS.

verberat, (he, she, it) whips, beats, delectat, (he, she, it) delights, pleases, amat, (he, she, it) loves, likes.

DERIVATIVE.

servant, equine.

amicable,

Charles,

Albert,

reverberate.

delight.

amiable.

curat,

(he, she, it) cares for, takes care of, care.

mmime,

nam,

saepe,

semper,

certi,

minimum.

sempiternal,

certainly.

diligently.

ADVERBS.

no, no indeed, by no means, for.

often, frequently, always, ever, certainly. diligenter, diligently, carefully.

78. COISTLOQUIUM.

ITjlia. Quis, Alberte, servum verberat? Albertus. Agricola servum verberat, et merito, Nam servus equos diligenter imn crirat.

T. Nomie servus equos amat? A. ]Minime. Servus equos saepe verberat.

I. Amat-ne Carolus equos agricolae'^

SECOND DECLENSION. — NOUNS IN -UM. 21

A. Certe. Carolus equis cibum saepe dat.

I. Nonne agricola amicis equos monstrat? A. AmicTs agricola equos saepe monstrat.

I. Num Carolus agricolae servum vitat? A. Minime. Fabulae servi Carolum delectant. Saepe servum culpa iTberat.

79. Ansiver the folloiving questions in Latin :

1. Quis servum verberat ? 2. Nonne servus equos verberat ? 3. Quis equos amat ? 4. Num servus equis cibum dat ? 5. Nonne Carolus equos amicis monstrat ? 6. Quis servum culpa liberat ?

QUESTIONS.

80. In what does the stem of the Second Declension end ? Give the Gender Kule for Second Declension nouns. Give the endings of all the cases (Singular and Plural) of nouns in -us. Explain the use of the Vocative. Decline equus, cibus, amicus.

LESSON X.

Second Declension — Nouns in -um ; Predicate Nom- inative ; Prepositions.

81. servus, ?7z., slave, templum, 9i., temple.

SINGULAR.

			CASE ENDINGS.
			M. N.
isr.	servus	templum	-US -um
G.	servi	templi	-i
D.	servo	tempi 6	-6
Ac.	servum	templum	-um
Ab.	servo	templo	-o

N.	servi
G.	servorum
D.	servis
Ac.	servos
Ab.	servis

22 LATIN BEADER. — LESSON X.

PLUJRAL.

M. N.

templa -i -a

templorum -orum templis -is

templa -6s -a templis -is

82. Observe that the declension of nouns in -um differs from that of nouns in -us only in the Nominative Singular and in the Nominative and Accusative Plural.

83. Nouns ending in -ius and -ium contract -ii of the Genitive Singular into a single -i, without changing the accent^ as : fili for filii, inge'ni for inge'nii ; so also the Vocative of names ending in -ius, and of filius and genius, as : Vergili for Vergi'lie ; mi fill = my son,

PREDICATE NOMINATIVE.

84. The Predicate in a sentence is what is said of the subject.

SUBJECT. PREDICATE. SUBJECT. PREDICATE.

a. Carolus agricolam vitat. Charles avoids the farmer, h, Carolus est nauta, Charles is a sailor.

Observe :

c. That, in the Predicate of example (a), vTtat — a verb of action — takes an object in the Accusative case, according to Eule II.

d. That, in the Predicate of example (b), est — a verb of being — cannot take an object; and that nauta, since it describes the subject, is put in the same case as the subject.

85. Rule VII. A Predicate noun, describing the sub- ject, is put in the Nominative.

PREDICATE NOMINATIVE, 23

PREPOSITIONS.

86. A Preposition shows the relation between words. Thus, in the sentence : The hook on the table is torn, on is a preposition, showing the relation between the hook and the table. In Latin, prepositions are followed by the Accusative or Ablative.

87. The following prepositions are followed by the

Ablative :

A, ab, absque, coram, de, Palam, clam, cum, ex and e, Pro, prae, tenus and sine ; Sometimes in, sub, super, subter.

All other prepositions are followed by the Accusative.

Note. The teacher should now explain the use of the Vocab- ulary.

FUISTDUS.

88. Non procul ab oppido est fundus. Agricolae villa est prope fluvium. Carolus est agricolae filius. Vicini filius est Florus. Carolus et Floras sunt amici. Interdum in fluvio natant. Saepe trans fluvium prata pererrant, et agricolarum equos et vac- cas spectant. In horreo post villam est copia fru- menti et pabulT. liilia est filia agricolae. Equis faenum saepe dat.

89. 1. Farmers' houses are sometimes near rivers.

2. Charles and Albert are sons of the farmer.

3. The farmer is looking at the horses in the barn.

4. Albert is vrandering through the meadow. 5. (There) is an abundance of hay in farmers' barns.

24 LATIN BEADER. — LESSON XL

6. Julia is the slave's friend. 7. The slave is giving hay to the farmer's horse.

QUESTIO]SrS.

90. How do Neuters of the Second Declension differ from Masculines ? Accent the Vocative Singular of Pompeius, Lucius, filius. Accent the Genitive Singular of hospitium. What is a Predicate noun ? Define Preposition. What preposi- tions are followed by the Ablative? Decline oppidum, villa, fluvius, faenum, vicinus.

LESSON XI. Adjectives in -us, -a, -um ; Ablative of Means.

91. An Adjective describes a noun, as : a bad hoij.

Bonus servus. A good slave,

JBonaruin puellarum. (y good girls. Bono porno. With a good apple.

a. Observe that, while in English the adjective does not change, in Latin its ending varies according to the gender, number, and case of the noun it describes. With adjectives in -us, -a, -um, if the noun is Masculine, the adjective has the endings of a Second Declension noun in -us. If the noun is Feminine, the adjective has the First Declension endings. If the noun is Neuter, the adjective has the endings of a Second Declension noun in -um.

92. Rule VIII. An Adjective agrees with the noun it describes in gender, number, and case.

ADJECTIVES IN -US,

-UM.

25

93.	bonus,	bona, bonum, good. SINGULAR.
	MASCULINE.	FEMININE.	NEUTEU.
X.	bonus	bona	bonum
G.	boni	bonae	boni
D.	bono	bonae	bono
Ac.	bonum	bonam	bonum
Ab.	bono	bona PLURAL.	bono
N.	boni	bonae	bona
G.	bonorum	bonarum	bonorum
D.	bonis	bonis	bonis
Ac.	bonos	bonas	bona
Ab.	bonis	bonis	bonis

94. The Vocative of adjectives, like that of nonns, is always like the Nominative, except in the Singular of adjectives of the Second Declension in -us, where it ends in -e, as :

Bonae reginae. O good queens. Bone vicine. O good neighbor.

95. Decline together: parvus nidus, a small nest; saeva aquila, a fierce eagle ; longum collum, a long neck ; malus agricola, a had farmer,

ABLATIVE OF MEANS.

96. Gladio nautam necat. He slays the sailor with a sword.

Observe that gladio is in the Ablative, and is the means by which the sailor was slain. Hence it is called the Ablative of Means.

97. Rule IX. The Ablative ivithout a preposition is used to denote the means by which an action is done.

26

LATIN READER.

■LESSON XIL

CYG]>fUS.

98. Americaiii cygni sunt albi. Cygni coUum est longum ; rostrum est firmum ; alae sunt praevalidae ; oculi sunt parvi. Cygnorum cibus est herba. Inter- dum parvas ranas et insecta devorant. Nidi sunt in iuncis iuxta aquam. Ferus cygnus est valde saevus. Et rostro et alls acriter pugnat, si quid ad nidum appropinquat. Etiam aquilam fugat.

99. The American swan is white. 2. Swans' necks are long. 3. The eye of the swan is smalL 4. (Its) wing is long and powerful. 5. Wild swans are savage. 6. They fight with both wings and beaks. 7. The swan's nest is near the water. 8. Swans put even eagles to flight.

QUESTIONS.

100. Define Adjective. Does an adjective precede or follow its noun in English ? What is its position in Latin ? Why ? Rule for the agreement of adjectives. Decline altus in all genders. Give an example of your own of the Ablative of Means.

LESSON XII.

Nouns and Adjectives in -er and -ir ; Apposition; Preposition in.

101.	servus.	m. puer. m.	ager. m.	vir. m.	templum. n.
	slavie	hoy	field	man	temple
		SINGULAR.
N.	servus	puer	ager	vir	templum
G.	servi	pueri	agri	viri	templi
D.	servo	puero	agro	viro	templo
Ac.	servum	puerum	agrum	virum	templum
Ab.	servo	puero	agro	viro	templo

NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN -EB AND -IB. ^T

PLURAL.

N". servi pueri agri viri teinpla

G. servoruni pueroruni agrorum virorum temploruni

D. servis pueris agris viris templis

Ac. servos pueros agros viros templa

Ab. servis pueris agris viris templis

a. Xotice that puer retains -e throughout, while ager has -e only in the Nominative Singular.

b. Notice also that the endings of nouns in -er and -ir differ from those of nouns in -us only in the Nomina- tive Singular.

102. Like puer» decline gener, son-in-laiv, socer, father- in-law, and vesper, evening.

Most other nouns drop the -e, like ager.

Decline culter, knife, liber, hook, magister, master.

103. ADJECTIVES in -ER, -A, -UM.

miser, niisera, miserum, wretched. pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful.

		SINGULAR.
	MASCULINE.	FEMININE.	NEUTER.
N.	miser	misera	miserum
G.	miseri	miserae	miseri
D.	misero	miserae	misero
Ac.	miserum	miseram	miserum
Ab.	misero	misera PLURAL.	misero
	MASCULINE.	FEMININE.	NEUTER.
N.	miseri	miserae	misera
G.	miserorum	miserarum	miserorum
D.	miseris	miseris	miseris
Ac.	miseros	miseras	misera
Ab.	miseris	miseris	miseris

28

	LATIN RE.	±DER.— LESSON XIL
		SINGULAK.
	MASCULINE.	FEMININE.	NEUTEPv.
N.	pulcher	pulclira	pulchrum
G.	pulchri	pulchrae	pulchri
D.	pulchro	pulchrae	pulchro
Ac.	pulchrum	pulchram	pulchrum
Ab.	pulchro	pulchra PLUJRAL.	pulchro
	MASCULINE.	FEMININE.	NEUTER.
N.	pulchri	pulchrae	pulchra
G.	pulchroruni	pulchrarum	pulchrorum
D.	pulchris	pulchris	pulchris
Ac.	pulchros	pulchras	pulchra
Ab.	pulchris	pulchris	pulchris

a. Observe that miser, like puer, retains -e, while pulcher, like ager, loses it.

h. Notice that the endings of adjectives in -er, -a, -um, differ from those in -us, -a, -um only in the Masculine Nominative Singular.

104. Like miser, decline asper, rough, liber, free, pros- per, prosperous, and tener, tender,

a. Most other adjectives drop the -e, like pulcher.

h. Like pulcher, decline piger, laz]j, and ruber, red.

105. APPOSITION.

(1). Carolus, filins Titi, navigat. Charles^ the son of Titus, is sailing.

(2). Agricola Florum, servum, laudat. The farmer praises Florus, the slave.

Note :

a. That, in example (1), filius describes Carolus, and is in the same case.

THE PHEPOSITION IN, 29

b. That, in example (2), servum describes Florum, and is in the same case.

G. That, in both examples, the descriptive noun is placed near the noun it describes. It is therefore called a Noun in Apposition. (Ad — position, i. e., position near.^

106. Rule X. A Koun in Apposition is in the same case as the noun it describes.

107. THE PREPOSITION IN".

Puer in horto est. The hoy is in the garden. Servus niensam in hortum portat. The slave is carrying a table into the garden.

Observe that the preposition in governs the Ablative when it means in, but the Accusative when it means into,

PUERI KOMANI.

108. Gains et Marcus, fllii medic! Romani, erant impigi'T puerL Mane in liidum ibant. Magister, Orbilius, erat valde severus, atque virgTs pueros saepe verberabat. Post prandium, interdum Gains et Marcus in Campo Martio eqnitabant; interdnm per silvas errabaut ; in flnviis navigabant ; in stagnis natabant ; in arniTs belli exercitati erant. Sic ple- rnmqne Roman! pueros ad m!litiam parabant.

109. 1. Gains, the son of a Roman teacher, was an active boy. 2. Orbilius whipped Marcus, the doc- tor's son, severely. 3. The teachers Avere going into the Campus Martins. 4. The boys used to swim in a pond.

80 LATIN REABEB. — LESSON XIIL

QUESTIONS.

110. How do nouns in -er and -ir differ from nouns in -us? What is the difference in Declension between puer and ager? Which of the following nouns retain -e : culter, gener, vesper, liber, magister, socer ? How do adjectives in -er differ from those in -us ? What is the difference between miser and pulcher ? Which of the following adjectives retain -e : pros- per, asper, piger, liber, ruber, tener ? Distinguish between a Noun in Apposition and a Predicate ISToun. What cases does in govern ? How must it be translated with each case ?

LESSON XIII.

Tense, Person, Number ; Verb Sum ; Dative of Possessor.

111. TIME. VERB OF ACTION. VERB OF BEING.

Present, I love. we are.

Past, thou didst love. you were.

Future, he, she, or it wnll love. they luill be.

a. ISTotice that^ in English, the thne of the action or being may be ^present, past, or future ; and that this is expressed either by some Auxiliary or Helping verb, as didst, or will, or by a change in the form of the verb, as are, were. The time of the verb is called its Tense.

h. The Present tense denotes present time.

G. The Imperfect tense denotes continued time in the past.

d. The Future tense denotes future time.

TENSE, PEBSON, NUMBEB, 31

PERSON.

112. Observe further that various Persons may be the subject of the action or being ; thus : I, thou, he, she, it, ice, you, they,

a. The First person is the person sjpeaking, as : J or we.

h. The Second person is the person spoken to, as : thou or you,

c. The Third person is the person spoken of, as : he, she, it, or they,

113. The persons may be in the Singular or Plural number.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

First person, I. we.

Second person, thou, you, you.

Third person, he, she, it they.

114. Note. Thou is rarely used now, except in addressing the Deity, and in poetry, you being preferred for both Singular and Plural.

115. TEXSE AXD PEKSOXAL EXDIXGS.

VERB OF ACTION. VERB OF BEING.

TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Present, am-o, I love, su-mus, we are.

Imperfect, ama-ba-s, you were loving. er-a-tis, you were.

Future, ama-bi-t, he, she, it loill love. er-u-nt, they will be.

a. Notice that, in Latin^ the tenses are shown by certain letters added to the verb stem ; thus, -ba = Im- perfect tense in ama-ba-s.

h. Notice that the persons are denoted by other letters added to the tense stem, as -tis = you in er-a-tis.

32 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIIL

116. Following are the equivalents for the persons :

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

-m, -6, or -i, I. -mus, n^e,

-s, you. -tis, you.

-t, /le, slie^ it. -nt, they,

117. Rule XI. A verb must agree with its subject in person and number.

118. VERB SUM. Stem es- or er-.

PRESENT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL.

su-m, I am. su-mus, loe ai^e.

e-s, you are. es-tis, you are.

es-t, Tie^ (she, it) is. su-nt, they are.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

er-a-m, I was. er-a-mus, ive were.

er-a-s, you were. er-a-tis, you were.

er-a-t, he, {she, it) was. er-a-nt, they were.

FUTURE TENSE.

er-o, I shall be. er-i-nius, we shall be.

er-i-s, you will be. er-i-tis, you will be.

er-i-t, he will be. er-u-nt, they will be.

119. DATIVE OF POSSESSOR.

Puero liber est. (lit. there is a book to the boy). The boy has a book.

Observe that puero is in the Dative, and denotes the possessor of the book. Hence it is called the Dative of Possessor.

120. Rule XII. The Dative is used with the verb sum to denote the Possessor.

VERB SUM. 33

121. AliBERTUS ET MARCUS, CONDISCIPULI.

Albertus. Ubi es, Marce?

Marcus. Hic ad-sum ; in horto.

A. Eras-ne her! in ludo ?

M. Non eram. Ego et lulius in fundo avi mei eramus.

A. Est-ne magnus fundus avo tuo?

M. Avi mei fundus non magnus est. Sed avun- culo lull est maximus fundus.

A. Sunt-ne mala et pira matiira in pomario avT tui?

M. Nondum. Sed mox matiira erunt.

A. Nonne eras in liido eritis ?

M. lulius non erit ; nam aeger est. Sed ego certe in ludo ero.

A. Vale.

122. 1. Has your uncle a large garden ? 2. My uncle has a very large garden. 3. Julius, has your grandfather ripe pears in his orchard ? 4. They were not ripe yesterday. 5. But they will be ripe to-morrow. 6. Were you sick yesterday ? 7. Not at all ; I was in school yesterday.

QUESTIONS. Sf

123. Define Tense, Present tense, Imperfect, Future. Give the endings for the persons. Eule for the agreement of verbs. Grive three tenses of the verb to be, Latin and English. Give an example of your own of the Dative of Possessor, Genitive of Possession, and Dative of Indirect Object. Decline magnus in all genders.

84 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIV.

LESSON XIV. Mood ; First Conjugation ; Principal Parts.

124. Mood is the mode or manner in which the action or being is expressed.

125. The Indicative mood is used to express a fact, as : I have studied my lesson.

126. The Imperative mood is used to express a command, as : Study your lesson.

THE CONJUGATIONS.

127. Regular verbs are divided into four conjugations. Each of these has a characteristic vowel in the stem, as follows :

a. I. ConjugatioUj -a : as, ama-, love,

h. II. Conjugation, -e: as^ mone-, zoam.

c. III. Conjugation, -e : as, rege-, rule.

d. IV. Conjugation, -i : as, audi-, hear.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.

128. The stems from which the various tenses are formed are found in the Principal Parts of every verb. These parts are :

a. The Pirst person Singular of the Present Indicative, as : amo.

h. The Present Infinitive, as : amare.

c. The Pirst person Singular of the Perfect Indicative, as : amavi.

d. The Perfect Passive Participle, as : amatus.

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 35

Thus the Principal Parts of amo are : anio, amare, aniavi, amatus.

129. The Present stem is found by dropping -re from the Present Infinitive, thus : ama-.

a. The Perfect stem is found by dropping -i from tlie Perfect Indicative, as : amav-.

h. The Participial stem is found by dropping -us from the Perfect Passive Participle, as : amat-.

130. First Coxjugatiox. Present stein^ ama-, love.

INDICATIVE mood. PKESEXT TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL.

am-o, I love. ama-mus, we love.

ama-s, you love. ama-tis, you love.

ama-t, he loves. ama-nt, they love.

IMPERFECT TEXSE.

ama-ba-m, I was loving. ama-ba-mus, we were loving.

ama-ba-s, you were loving. ama-ba-tis, you were loving.

ama-ba-t, he was loving. ama-ba-nt, they were loving.

FUTURE TEXSE.

ama-b-6, 1 shall love. ama-bi-mus, we shall love.

ama-bi-s, you will love. ama-bi-tis, you will love,

ama-bi-t, he will love. ama-bu-nt, they will love.

Observe :

a. That the Present tense consists of Present stem -f- Personal endings.

b. That the Imperfect tense consists of Present stem 4- -ba -f Personal endings.

c. That the Future tense consists of Present stem -|- -bi + Personal endings.

.86 LATIN READER. —LESSON XIV.

131. Exc. The verb do, give., is irregular in having da- (not da-) for its Present stem, as: da-ba-t, da-bi-tis.

132. Note. Eemember that the Present tense may be translated : / love, or, / avi loving, or, / do love, etc. So, also, the Imperfect tense may be translated : / ivas loving, or, / did love, or, / used to love, or, / loved, etc.

PERFIDA TARPEIA.

133. Sabini olim Romanorum agros vastabant. lam ad oppidum appropinquabant. Si Capitolium expug- nabunt, Romanos omnino superabunt. Mox Capito- lium oppugnant, sed frustra. Denique auro Tarpeiam, flliam praefecti Roman!, temptant. Sed puella orna- menta in laevis bracchiis postulat. Sabini non recusant. Mox intra portam stant. Tum sine mora in Tarpeiam sciita iactant. Nam Sabinorum sciita erant in laevTs bracchiis. Sic perfidam Tarpeiam necant, atque Capitolium occupant.

134. 1. The commander of the Sabines will attack the Capitol. 2. The Romans are ravaging the fields of the Sabines. 3. The commander was alread}^ approaching (to) the Capitol. 4. The treacherous girl will demand the ornament on the commander's left arm. 5. We shall soon stand within the gates of Rome. 6. Is not the commander's shield on his left arm ?

Answer the following questions in Latin :

135. 1. Qui olim Romanorum agros vastabant? 2. Num primo Sabini Capitolium expugnant ? 3. Quae

SECOND CONJUGATION. 37

erat Tarpeia? 4. Quo modo Sabini Tarpeiam tempt- ant? 5. Quid Tarpeia postulat? 6. Num Sabini recusant? 7. Ubi intra portam stant, quid faciunt Sabini ? 8. Quo modo Sabini promissum servabant ?

QUESTIONS.

136. Define Mood. What is the Indicative used to express? How many conjugations are there ? What is the characteristic vowel of each ? What are the Principal Parts of a verb ? How is the Present stem found ? The Perfect ? The Participial ? Of what does the Present tense consist ? The Imperfect ? The Future ? Like amo, conjugate porto, vasto. Give the English for: postulabatis, postulat, postulabimus, postulant, pos- tulabam, postulas, postulabunt, postulabo. Give the Latin for: They will demand^ you (plural) are demanding^ he was demanding, they do demand, we used to demand.

137.

LESSON XV. Second Conjugation.

FIRST CONJUGATION. SECOND CONJUGATION.

Present stem, ama-, love. Present stem, mone-, warn.

INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE.

am-6 mone-o, I warn.

ama-s mone-s, you warn.

ama-t mone-t, he warns.

ama-mus mone-mus, we warn.

ama-tis mone-tis, you warn.

ama-nt mone-nt, they warn.

38 LATIN READER. — LESSON XV.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

ama-ba-m mone-ba-m, I was warning,

ama-ba-s mone-ba-s, you were warning,

ama-ba-t mone-ba-t, he was warning.

ama-ba-mus mone-ba-mus, we were warning.

ama-ba-tis mone-ba-tis, you were warning.

ama-ba-nt mone-ba-nt, they were warning.

FUTURE TENSE.

ama-b-o mone-b-o, I shall warn.

ama-bi-s mone-bi-s, you will warn.

ama-bi-t mone-bi-t, he will warn.

ama-bi-mus mone-bi-mus, we shall warn.

ama-bi-tis mone-bi-tis, you will warn.

ama-bu-nt mone-bu-nt, they will warn.

a. Observe that, while the stems differ in their char- acteristic vowels, these tenses of the First and Second Conjugation are formed in other respects precisely alike, with the exception of the Present First Singular.

METTIUS CURTIUS.

138. Magna rima olim in Foro Romano subito apparet. Primo Romani saxa terramque in locum iactabant, sed frustra. RTma lata atque profunda manebat. Inde Romani multis lacrimTs a deo aux- ilium orabant. Deus tandem ita respondet : '' Si maximum Romanum bonum loco dicabitis, tum iimam explebo." Dili in dubio erant animi Romanorum.

139. 1. Great cracks are appearing in the Roman Forum. 2. We shall cast stones into the crack. 8. Were you (plural) beseeching help from the god?

SECOND CONJUGATION. 89

4. Fathomless cracks will remain for a long time in the Forum. 5. Were not the Romans filling up the crack Avith earth and stones ? 6. Will you (singu- lar) not consecrate your greatest treasure to the place ?

Sight Translation. Mettius Curtius. — Concluded.

140. Denique Mettius Curtius, vir bello egregius, "Animus intrepidus," inquit, "maximum Romanum bonum est." Statim equum suum magnifice exornat, et mox armatus in Forum equitat. Inde, dum turba Romanorum stupet, in rimam equum incitat. Sine mora deus rimam explet, atque Romanos magna ciira ITberat. Mettium Curtium autem Roman! semper laudabant, et pulchrum factum memoria tenebant.

141. 1. Quid olim in Foro Romano apparet? 2. Quid Roman! in r!mam iactabant? 3. Manebatne rima? 4. Nonne deus Romanis auxilium dat ? 5. Quid respondet deus ? 6. Quid denique d!cit Met- tius Curtius ? 7. Quid facit Curtius ? 8. Ex- pletne deus r!mam statim?

e-gregius, illustrious. armatus, armed.

animus, courage. durai, while.

in-trepidus, iindauiited. turba, crowd.

inquit, said he. stupeo, he STVFB-fied.

statim, immediately. in-cito, urge on.

suus, his. cura, care, anxiety.

magni-fice, magnificently. autem, however.

ex-orno, ad-oui^. factum, deed.

40

LATIN READER.

LESSON XVL

QUESTIONS.

142. What differences do you find between the First and Second Conjugations ? Conjugate in three tenses maneo and oro. Give the Latin for: they will reply ^ you (singular) are replying^ we did reply, he was replying, you (plural) will reply, I reply. Give the English for: respondemus, respondebis, respondebant, respondebo, respondetis, respondebas.

LESSON XVI.

Third Conjugation; Ablative of Manner.

143.
CONJ. I.	CONJ. II.	CONJ. III.
ama-.	mone-.	rege-, rule

am-o

ama-s

ama-t

ama-mus

ama-tis

ama-nt

ama-ba-m

ama-ba-s

ama-ba-t

ama-ba-mus

ama-ba-tis

ama-ba-nt

ama-b-o ama-bi-s

INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE.

mone-6 reg-o, I rule.

mone-s

mone-t

mone-mus

mone-tis

mone-nt

regi-s, you rule. regi-t, he rules. regi-mus, we rule. regi-tis, you rule. regu-nt, they rule.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

mone-ba-ni

mone-ba-s

mone-ba-t

mone-ba-mus

mone-ba-tis

mone-ba-nt

rege-ba-m, I was ruling. rege-ba-s, you were ruling. rege-ba-t, he was ruling. rege-ba-mus, we were ruling. rege-ba-tis, you were ruling. rege-ba-nt, they were ruling.

\

FUTURE TENSE.

mone-b-o mone-bi-s

reg-a-m, I shall rule. reg-e-s, you will rule.

THIRD CONJUGATION, 41

ama-bi-t mone-bi-t reg-e-t, he will rule.

ama-bi-mus mone-bi-mus reg-e-mus, we shall rule.

ama-bi-tis mone-bi-tis reg-e-tis, you will rule.

ama-bu-nt mone-bu-nt reg-e-nt, they will rule.

a. jSTotice that, in tlie verb stem of the Third Conju- gation, final -e changes as follows :

b. In the Present tense, it becomes -i.

c. In the Imperfect, it is lengthened to -e.

d. In the Future, it is dropped altogether.

144. Observing these changes, the Present tense con- sists of Present stem -[- Personal endings.

a. The Imperfect consists of Present stem -f -ba -|- Personal endings.

b. The PuTURE consists of Present stem + -e (i^ the First Singular -a) + Personal endings.

145. ABLATIVE OF MANNER.

( cum cura. Puer donum servabat -s maxima cum. cura. ( maxima cura.

i with care.

The boy preserved the gift < with the greatest care.

( with the greatest care.

Observe that cura is in the Ablative, and that it denotes the manner in which the boy preserved the gift. Cum is generally used with this Ablative, but it may be omitted when there is a limiting adjective.

146. Rule XIII. The Ablative with cum is used to express Manner. Cum may be omitted when there is a limiting adjective.

42 LATIN READER. —LESSON XVL

MELEAGER.

147. Meleager, filius Althaeae, clarissimus Caly- doniorum erat. Forte, ubi parvolus erat, lignum in f oco ardebat ; subito Parcae apparent atque Althaeam ita monent : " Filius tuus vivet, quam diii flammae lignum non consiiment." Statim Althaea flammas restinguit, atque lignum magna cum cura servabat.

Saevus aper quondam Calydonios diu terrebat.

148. 1. Were you living when Meleager was very small ? 2. The sticks of wood in the fireplace will not burn. 8. Althea is guarding her son with great care. 4. The flames were consuming the wood. 5. Are your sons living, Althea? 6. Fierce boars do not terrify Meleager. 7. Were you not extinguishing the flames ? 8. The Fates used to appear suddenly to distinguished men.

Sight Translation. Meleager. — Concluded,

149. Meleager tandem multos claros viros condiicit. Pulchra Atalanta quoque adest. Mox saevum aprum in densa silva petunt. Atalanta prima monstrum volnerat. Meleager autem aprum caedit, atque tergum Atalantae dat. At avunculi Meleagii Ata-

con-duco, lead together, assemble. privo, de-PRiVE.

quoque, also. plenus, full.

densus, dense. ira, anger, ire.

peto, seek. iratus, angered.

monstrum, monster. accendo, light.

volnero, wound. (Vulnerable.) quod, ivMch.

caedo, kill vita, life. (Vital.)

tergum, back, skin. excedo, depart.

FOURTH CONJUGATION. 43

lantam tergo privant. Statim Meleager plenus Trae avunculos suos caedit. Incle Althaea irata lignum accendit, quod mox flammae consumunt. Brevi postea Meleager e vita excedit.

150. 1. Ubi vivebat Meleager ? 2. Quae Althaeae apparent, ubi Meleager paryolus erat? 3. Quid dicunt Parcae ? 4. Quid facit Althaea ? 5. Cur Meleager multos claros Calydonios condiicit? 6. Quae prima aprum volnerat? 7. Quis aprum caedit? 8. Cui dat Meleager tergum apri? 9. Quid faciunt avunculi Meleagii ? 10. Cur Althaea lignum accendit?

QUESTIONS.

151. Give an example of your own of the Ablative of Manner, Ablative of Means, Ablative of Separation. How does the stem of Third Conjugation verbs vary ? Of what does each tense consist ? Give three tenses of peto and vivo. Translate : restinguetis, restinguit, restinguebant, restinguunt, res- tinguet, apparebit, servabit. Give the Latin for : I was extinguishing, they will extinguish, you (plural) are extinguish- ing, he appears, they will preserve.

LESSON XVII. Fourth Conjugation ; Ablative of Cause.

152.
CONJ. I.	CONJ. II.	CONJ. III.	CONJ.	IV.
ama-.	mone-.	rege-.	audi-.	, hear,

44

LATIN READER. — LESSON XVIL

am-o.

ama-s.

ama-t.

ama-nius.

ama-tis.

ama-nt.

INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE.

mone-o.

mone-s.

mone-t.

mone-mus.

mone-tis.

mone-nt.

reg-o.

regi-s.

regi-t.

regi-mus.

regi-tis.

regu-nt.

I hear,

audi-6.

audi-s.

audi-t.

audi-mus.

audi-tis.

audiu-nt.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

ama-ba-m.

ama-ba-s.

ama-ba-t.

ama-ba-mus.

ama-ba-tis.

ama-ba-nt.

mone-ba-m.

mone-ba-s.

mone-ba-t.

mone-ba-mus.

mone-ba-tis.

mone-ba-nt.

rege-ba-m.

rege-ba-s.

rege-ba-t.

rege-ba-nius.

rege-ba-tis.

rege-ba-nt.

I was hearing»

audie-ba-m.

audie-ba-s.

audie-ba-t.

audie-ba-mus.

audie-ba-tis.

audie-ba-nt.

FUTURE TENSE.

ama-b-o.

ama-bi-s.

ama-bi-t.

ama-bi-mus.

ama-bi-tis.

ama-bu-nt.

mone-b-6.

mone-bi-s.

mone-bi-t.

mone-bi-mus.

mone-bi-tis.

mone-bu-nt.

reg-a-m.

reg-e-s.

reg-e-t.

reg-e-mus.

reg-e-tis.

reg-e-nt.

I shall hear,

audi-a-m.

audi-e-s.

audi-e-t.

audi-e-mus.

audi-e-tis.

audi-e-nt.

a. Observe that, in the Eourth Conjugation, the Pres- ent tense consists of Present stem -f- Personal endings.

b. The Imperfect tense consists of Present stem (with -e added to it) + -t)a + Personal endings.

c. The Putnre tense consists of Present stem + -e (in the First Singular -a) + Personal endings. Compare the Puture of the Third Conjugation.

FOURTH CONJUGATION, 45

153. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE.

Odib virum accusatis. You accuse the man from hatred.

In this sentence, odio is in the Ablative, and denotes the cause of the accusation.

154. Rule XIV. The Ablative is used to express Cause.

PERSEUS ET AISTDROMEDA.

155. In Aethiopia olim belua fera agios vastabat, atque multos viros devorabat. Cepheus, igitur, ciiris soUicitus, oraculum consulit. Quod autem ita respondet : '' Deus iratus propter superbiam reginae patriam tuam sic piinit. Si autem beluae An drome- dam dabis, tum deus poenam finiet." Inde Cepheus maestus Andromedam ad diira saxa revincit. Mox beluam exaudiunt.

156. 1. Many men are troubled with their cares. 2. The gods will punish the queen. 3. Men for- merly consulted oracles. 4. The queens end the punishment of the men. 6. Because of the oracle, they are binding Andromeda to the rocks. 6. You will soon hear the monster from afar.

Sight Translation. Perseus et Andromeda. — Con- cluded,

157. Tum forte Perseus super Aethiopiam volabat. Subito Andromedam cernit. Sine mora appropin- quat, et lacrimarum causam quaerit. Andromeda beluam monstrat. Statim Perseus in auras ascendit.

46 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XVIIL

Mox falcato telo tergum monstrl ferit. Dili atque acriter pugnant. Denique Perseus beluam superat. Inde Andromedam catenis liberat. Brevi Cepheus filiam Perseo in matrimoiiium dat.

158. 1. Ciir olim Cepheus oraculum consulit ? 2. Quid respondet oraculum? 3. Quae erat Andro- meda? 4. Quis Andromedam belua liberat? 5. Quale telum erat Perseo ? 6. Quid erat praemium Perseo ?

QUESTIONS.

159. What uses of the Ablative are contained in the two fol- lowing sentences: They sleiv Clodius with their swords. They slew Clodius from envy. What is the characteristic vowel of the stem of the Fourth Conjugation? In what tense is -e added to the stem? Inflect three tenses of punio and vincio. Give the English for finit, finiemus, finimus, finiebamus, finient, fini- tis. Give the Latin for: they ivere ending, I end, you (plural) ivill end, you (singular) were ending, they are eliding. Decline carus, -a, -um.

super, above, over. ascendo, ascend.

volOjfly. falcatus, curved.

cerno, dis-CKRN. telum, weapon, sword.

causa, CAUSE. ferio, strike.

quaero, ui-quire. pugno, fight. (Pugnacious.)

aura, air. matrimonium, marriage, matrimony.

LESSON XVII I. Third Declension — Liquid Stems.

160. Ill the Third Declension, the stem ends either in a consonant or in the vowel -i. Hence this Declen- sion is divided into consonant stems and -i stems.

THIRD DECLENSION,

47

161. The Case endings for consonant stems are as follows :

	SINGULAR.	PLURAL.
	M., F.	N.	M., F. N.
			-es -a -um
-is
D.	-i		-ibus
Ac.	-em	—	-es -a
Ab.	-e		-ibus
		LIQUID STEMS.
162.	consul, m.	legio,/.	Virgo,/.	fliimen, n.
	consul.	legion.	virgin.	river.
Stern	consul-	legion-	virgin-	flumin-
		SINGULAR.
N.	consul	legio	virgo	flumen
G.	consulis	legionis	virginis	fluminis
D.	consul!	legioni	virgin!	flumini
Ac.	consulem	legionem	virginem	flumen
Ab.	consule	legione PLURAL.	virgine	flumine
N.	consules	legiones	virgines	flumina
G.	consulum	legionum	virginuni	fluminum
D.	consulibus	legionibus	virginibus	fluminibus
Ac.	consules	legiones	virgines	flumina
Ab.	consulibus	legionibus	virginibus	fluminibus
163.	labor, m.	pater, m.	corpus, n.	genus, n.
	labor.	father.	body.	race.
Stem	labor-	patr-	corpor-	gener-
		SINGULAR.
N.	labor	pater	corpus	genus
G.	laboris	patris	corporis	geneiis
D.	labor!	patri	corpori	generi
Ac.	laborem	patrem	corpus	genus
Ab.	labore	patre	corpore	genere

48

LATIN BEADEB. — LESSON XVIIL

PLURAL.

N.	labores	patres	corpora	genera
G.	laborum	patrum	corporum	generum
D.	laboribus	patribus	corporibus	generibus
Ac.	labores	patres	corpora	genera

Ab. laboribus patribus corporibus generibus

Observe :

a. That the stem differs from the Nominative in all these nouns, except in consul. |

h. That the Accusative Singular of Neuter nouns is like the Nominative.

c. That the Nominative and Accusative Plural of Neuter nouns ends in -a.

164. Decline the following nouns, first noting their stem and gender (the stem is found by dropping the ending -is from the Genitive) : Pastor, pastoris, m., shepherd, sermo, sermonis, m., conversation, opus, operis, n., work, grando, grandinis, /., hail, mater, matris, f., mother, carmen, carminis, n., song, exsul, exsulis, m. and/., exile, tempus, temporis, n., time.

FORUM ROMAKTTM.

165. Forum Romanum erat inter Capitolium et Palatium. Primo undique erant parvae tabernae. Postea autem clari consules imperatoresque basili- cas et templa in Foro aedificabant. In basilicis erant argentariae ; hlc etiam praetores iiis reddebant. In Ciiria HostTlia et in Templo Concordiae senatores conveniebant. In rostris Cicero et alii oratores ad

THIRD DECLENSION.

49

populum orationes habebant. Undique erant altae columnae et deorum simulacra et clarorum virorum statuae.

166. 1. (There) were statues of famous consuls in the Forum. 2. The praetor will administer jus- tice to the people. 3. (There) were images of the gods in Roman temples. 4. The emperor is build- ing a lofty temple. 5. Cicero will deliver an ora- tion to the senators in the Temple of Concord.

Sight Translation. Forum Romanum. — Concluded.

167. Togati Roman! in Forum saepe conveniebant. Hic multa comitia habebant. Hinc Via Sacra con- sules legiones Romanas ad bellum ediicebant. Via Sacra legiones victores praeda onustae in Forum incedebant magnis clamoribus populi. Nunc autem Forum est desertus locus, et tantum-modo ruinas ostendit. Nihil manet nisi pauca vestigia antiquae gloriae Romanae.

168. 1. Ubi erat Forum Romanum ? 2. Quae primo undique erant? 3. Quae postea consules im-

togatus, wearing the toga. comitia, elections. hinc, hence. sacer, sacred. e-diico, lead out. victor, VICTOR, praeda, booty. (Prey.) onustus, laden. in-cedo, advance. clamor, shout^ clamor. nunc, now.

de-sertus, deserted. tantum-modo, only. ruina, ruin.

os-tendo, show. (Ostensible.) nihil, nothing. (Nihilist.) nisi, unless, except. pauci,/eiu. (Paucity.) vestigium, trace, vestige. antiquus, ancient. (Antique.) gloria, GLORY.

60

LATIN BEADER. — LESSON XIX,

peratoresque in Foro aedificabant? 4. Ubi sena- tores conveniebant ? 5. Qui in rostris orationes habebant? 5. Qua via consules ad bellum legiones edUcebant ? 6. Quid nunc manet in Foro Romano ?

QUESTIONS.

169. How is the Third Declension divided ? Name the liquids (9, h). What is meant by liquid stems? Give the ease endings for Masculine and Feminine nouns; for Neuters. What cases are alike in Neuter nouns ? Decline : virgo, pater, genus, pastor, legio, exsul, labor, carmen, corpus. May an Adjec- tive of the First or Second Declension agree with a noun of the Third Declension ?

LESSON XIX. Third Declension — Mute Stems.

170.

Stem

	princeps, m.	rex, 771.	iudex, m.
	chief.	king.	judge.
n	princip-	reg-	iiidic-
	SINGULAK.
N.	princeps	rex	iudex
G.	principis	regis	iudicis
D.	principi	regi	iudici
Ac.	principem	regem	iudicem
Ab.	principe	rege	ifidice
	PLURAL.
N.	principes	reges	iiidices
G.	principum	regum	iudicum
D.	principibus	regibus	iudicibus
Ac.	principes	regis	iudices
Ab.	principibus	regibus	iudicibus

THIRD DECLENSION — MUTE STEMS.

51

Stem

miles, m.

soldier. milit-

custos, m,

guard, custod-

SINGULAK.

K. miles custos

G. militis custodis

D. mlliti custodi

Ac. militem custodem

Ab. milite custode

PLURAL.

N. mllites custodes

G. militum custodum

D. militibus custodibus

Ac. milites custodes

caput, 71.

head. capit-

caput

capitis

capiti

caput

capita

capita capitum capitibus capita

Ab. militibus

custodibus capitibus

Observe :

a. That all Masculines and Feminines in Mute stems add -s to the stem to form the Nominative (rex = reg-s ; iudex = iudic-s).

/;. That the Lingual stems drop final -d and -t in forming the Nominative.

c. That the last vowel in the stem is often changed in the Nominative.

171. Decline the following nouns : vox, vocis,/., voice, virtus, virtutis,/*., bravery, ops, opis,/!, help, obses, obsidis VI. and/., hostage, comes, comitis, m. and f., companion, grex, gregis, m., herd,

GABlT.

172. Diu Tarquinius Superbus obsidebat Gabios, sed friistra. Denique fraudem temp tat. Obsidione desistit atque ad urbana opera animadvertit. Brevi

62 LATIN READEB. — LESSON XIX,

postea Sextus, filius Tarquini, ad Gabinos venit. '' Nonne " inquit '' filium a saevis suppliciis patris tegetis? Regis saevitia est intoleranda. Exsul Latium pererro. Forsitan populum cupidum belli adversus superbum regem inveniam." Statim Gabini piincipem in oppidum libenter admittunt.

173. 1. The kings will besiege the towns of La- tium in vain. 2. You are not turning your atten- tion to the father's frauds. 3. I protected the king's sons from punishment. 4. Did the prince admit the Gabians into the town? 5. Will he protect the exiles from the people's cruelty ?

Sight Translation, GabiT. — Concluded,

174. Brevi Sextus favorem et plebis et militum conciliat. Inde niintium ad patrem mittit. Rex

favor, FAVOK. con-silium, p/a/?, counsel.

plebs, common people^ ple- intel-lego, understand, (In-

BEiANS. telUgent.)

con-ciUo, turn, conciliate. inter-imo, kill.

nuntius, messenger. {An- aut . . . aut, either , . . or.

nounce.) exsilium, exile.

mitto, send. (^Trans-mit.) ago, drive. (Agent.)

ibi, there. re-liquus, remaining. (ReUc.)

summus, highest. (Summit.) oppidanus, toionsman.

papaver, poppy. iiltro, of one's own accord.

baculum, stick, cedo, yield. (Cede.)

de-outio, strike off. ita-que, and so.

dis-cedo, depart. uUus, ani/,

re-nuntio, report. {Re- di-mica.tib, struggle.

nounce.) tra-do, give over, hand over,

(Tradition.)

THIRD DECLENSION — I STEMS. 53

autem nihil respondet, sed in hortum ambulat, et ibi summa capita papaverum baculo decutit. Denique nuntius iratus discedit et Sexto de patre renuntiat. Sextus autem consilium patris intellegit. Mox prin- cipes oppidi aut interimit aut in exsilium agit. Re- liqui oppidani iiltro cedunt. Itaque Sextus patrT sine uUa dimicatione oppidum tradit.

175. 1. Quis diii Gabios obsidebat? 2. Quid denique rex temptat ? 3. Quem ad Gabinos mittit? 4. Quid dicit Sextus oppidanis ? 5. Num GabinT in oppidum Sextum admittunt? 6. Quorum favo- rem Sextus conciliat ? 7. Quem ad patrem mittit ? 8. Quid facit rex? 9. Intellegitne Sextus patris consilium ? 10. Quid facit Sextus ? 11. Quid faciunt ultro reliqui oppidani ?

QUESTIONS.

176. Name the mutes in their classes (9, a). Decline: vox, lumen, virtus, condicio, pes, honor, comes, onus, salus. What difference in gender do you observe between nouns in -us, (Genitive -eris or -oris), and those in -us, (Genitive -utis) ?

LESSON XX. Third Declension — I Stems.

MASCULINES AND FEMININES IN -IS AND -ES.

177. tussis, /. navis, /. ignis, m. hostis, />i. nubes /. cough. ship. Jive. enemy. cloud.

Stem tussi- navi- igni- hosti- niibi-

64

LATIN READER. —-LESSON XX.

SINGULAR.

N". tussis navis ignis hostis nubes

G. tussis navis ignis hostis nubis

D. tussi navi fgni hosti nubi

Ac. tussim navem(-im)ignem hostem nubem

Ab. tussi navi (-e) igni (-e) hoste nCibe

PLURAL.

N. tusses naves ignes hostes nubes

G. tussium navium ignium hostium nubium

D. tussibus navibus ignibus hostibus. nubibus Ac. tussis (-es) navis (-es) ignis (-es) hostis (-es) nubis (-is)

Ab. tussibus navibus ignibus hostibus nubibus

NEUTERS IN -E, -AL, AND -AR.

178. mare, n., sea. animal, n., animal, calcar, 7^., spur. Stem marl- animali- calcari-

		SINGULAR.
N.	mare	animal	calcar
G.	maris	animalis	calcaris
D.	mari	animali	calcari
Ac.	mare	animal	calcar
Ab.	mari	animali PLURAL.	calcari
:^r.	maria	animalia	calcaria
G.	marium	animalium	calcarium
D.	maribus	animalibus	calcaribus
Ac.	maria	animalia	calcaria
Ab.	maribus	animalibus	calcaribus

Observe that -i stems have the following peculiari» ties : —

a. They have -ium in the Genitive Plural.

THIRD DECLENSION — I STEMS. 65

b. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar have -i in the Ablative Singular, and -ia in the Nominative and Accusative Plural.

c. Stems in -is and -es have -is or -es in the Accusa- tive Plural.

d. The Accusative Singular of stems in -is and -es varies between -im and -em.

e. The Ablative Singular of stems in -is and -es varies between -i and -e.

179. Note. 1 stems m -is and -es are easily distinguished

from consonant stems in -is and -es; for -i stems have the same number of syllables in the Genitive as in the Nominative Singular, while consonant stems increase the number of syllables; thus, col-lis, Genitive col-lis, is an -i stem; but la-pis, Genitive la-pi-dis, is a consonant stem. So also cae-des, Genitive cae- dis, is an -i stem; but co-mes, Genitive co-mi-tis, is a consonant stem.

180. To -i stems belong :

a. Nouns in -is and -es (not increasing in the Geni- tive).

b. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar.

181. Like tussis, decline sitis, thirst (in the Singular only, because of its meaning).

a. Like navis, decline turris, tower, and securis, axe.

b. Like ignis, decline amnis, river, avis, bird, classis, fleetj finis, end, messis, harvest, and ovis, sheep.

G. Most other -i stems in -is and -es are declined like hostis and niibes.

56 LATIN READER. — LESSON XX.

BRUTUS ET FILII TARQUINI.

182. Maxima opera Tarquini Superb! erant Tem- pliim lovis et Cloaca Maxima. In labore operum plebem diii exercebat. Subito portentum apparet. Aiiguis ex columiia lignea emergit atque incolas regiae perterret. Inde rex suos duos filios per terras et per maria ad oraculum Apollinis mittit. L. luiiius Brutus, consobrinus, erat comes principibus. Tres iuvenes tandem in Graeciam perveniunt. Hic primo pro rege oraculum consulunt.

183. 1. The greatest work of the people was a temple. 2. The king will send the youths over the sea. 3. The travellers were consulting the in- habitants of the land. 4. The companions of the youth are the king's cousins. 5. We shall keep the people busy on the works.

Sight Translation, Brutus et Filii Tarquini. — Concluded,

184. Deinde iuvenes ab oraculo quaerunt : "- Quis, post mortem Tarquini, regnum obtinebit?" Pythia SIC respondet : '^Imperium summum Romae habebit, qui primus matii osculum dabit." Inde duo filii Tar- quini de regno sortis ducunt. Sed Brutus consulto cadit, atque terrae osculum dat. ''.Nam" putat ''terra est mater mortalium." Inde Romam repe- tunt. Brevi postea Romani cives, laboribus irati, Tarquinium regno pellunt, atque Brutum consulem creant.

THIRD DECLENSION — MIXED STEMS.

57

185. 1. Quae sunt maxima opera Tarquini Su- perb!? 2. Quo modo rex plebem exercebat? 3. Quod portentum apparet ? 4. Quid facit rex ? 5. Quis erat comes filiis Tarquini. 6. Quid primo faciunt in Graecia? 7. Quid postea quaerunt iu- venes ? 8. Quid respondet Pytliia ? 9. Quid faciunt prmcipes? 10. Quid facit Briitus? 11. Quid postea regi accidit?

QUESTIONS.

186. What are the peculiarities of -i stems ? How can -i stems in -is and -es be distinguished from consonant stems in -is and -es ? What nouns belong to -i stems ? Decline : avis, lapis, cubile, rupes, eques, ovis, pax, nectar, clades, vectigal, aedis, nomen.

de-inde, then^ afterwards,

post, after.

mors, death. (Mortal.)

ob-tineo, obtaix.

regnum, kingdom. (Reign.)

ini-periuni, command. (Empire.)

mater, mother.

osculum, kiss.

SOTS, lot. (Sort.)

duco, lead, draw. (Aque-dnct.)

con-sulto, on purpose.

(Consult.) CRdo, fall.

puto, think. (Com-pute.) mortalis, mortal. re-peto, seek again, return

to. (Repeat.) civis, citizen. (Civic.) peUo, ex-rEL. creo, elect. (Create.)

LESSON XXI.

Third Declension — Mixed Stems ; Gender Rules ; Ablative of Accompaniment.

187. urbs,/.

city. Stem urb- (i-)

arx,/.

citadel. arc- (i-)

pons, m.

bridge. pont- (i-)

aetas, /.

age. aetat- (i-)

58	LATIJS	r READER.	— LESSON	XXL
		SINGULAR.
N.	urbs	arx	pons	aetas
G.	urbis	arcis	pontis	aetatis
D.	urbi	arci	ponti	aetati
Ac.	urbem	arcem	pontem	aetatem
Ab.	urbe	arce	ponte	aetate
		PLURAL.
N.	urbes	arces	pontes	aetates
G.	urbium	arcium	pontium	aetatium (-um)
D.	urbibus	arcibus	pontibus	aetatibus
Ac.	urbis (-es)	arcis (-is)	pontis (-es)	aetatis (-es)
Ab.	urbibus	arcibus	pontibus	aetatibus

a. Notice that these nouns are declined like Conso- nant stems in the Singular, and like -i steins in the Plural. Hence they are called Mixed stems. They were originally -i stems.

188. To Mixed stems belong :

a. Monosyllables ending in -s and -x following a con- sonant, as : urbs, arx.

b. Nouns ending in -tas, as : aetas.

189. Decline : pars, partis, part^ mons, mentis, motin- taiuj civitas, civitatis, state.

190. THIRD DECLENSION GENDER RULES.

I. Nouns ending in -6 (except those in -do, -go, -io), -or, -OS, -er, -es are generally Masculine.

II. Nouns ending in -as, -es, -is, -ys, -x, -s (preceded by a consonant), -do, -go, -io, and -us are generally Feminine.

III. Nouns ending in -a, -e, -i, -y, -c, 1-, -n, -t, -ar, -ur,

and -us are generally Neuter.

THIRD DECLENSION — MIXED STEMS, 59

191. ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT.

Puer cum amico ambulat. The hoy is walking with a friend.

Observe that amico is in the Ablative with the prepo- sition cum, and that it denotes that the boy is accompa- nied by a friend. Hence it is called the Ablative of Accompaniment.

192. Rule XV. The Ablative with the preposition cum is used to denote Accompaniment.

HORATIUS COCLES.

193. Tarquinius Superbus, iam exsul, ab Larte Porsena, rege CliisT, auxilium petit. Mox maximo in periculo erat Roma. Nam Porsena magnis cum copiis in urbem incedebat. Ubique rex copias Roma- norum vincit. Iam montem laniculum occupat. Milites Roman! arma ordinesque relinquunt, atque fuga saliitem petunt. Tum Pons Sublicius solus fliimen Tiberim iungebat. Nisi Romani pontem interscindent, brevi Porsena in urbem copias suas tradiicet. Sed Romanis virtus non omnino deest. Pro ponte Horatius Codes cum Sp. Lartio et T. Herminio hostis sustinet.

194. 1. The king's forces will advance upon the cities. 2. Large bridges span the river Tiber. 3. Will a Roman soldier leave the ranks, and seek safety in flight? 4. Are you not cutting down the bridges, Romans ? The soldiers of Lars Porsena were holding back the enemy's forces.

60

LATIN READER.

LESSON XXL

Sight Translation. Horatius Cocles. — Concluded.

195. Interea milites civesque Roman! pontem in- terscindebant. Mox, ubi exigua pars pontis manet, Horatius duos comites transmittit. Nunc solus sed intrepidus pontem tenet. Denique magno fragore pons in flumen decidit. Roman! magnum clamorem tollunt. Inde Horatius, etiam armatus, in Tiberim desilit atque ad suos comites~tranat. Tanta virtiite c!vitatem servat. Grati c!ves statuam Horat! in Comitio ponunt.

196. 1. A quo Tarquinius auxilium petit ? 2. Cur mox erat Roma maximo in peiiculo ? 3. Quem montem Porsena occupat ? 4. Nonne Roman! re- gem Clusi vincunt? 5. Qu! pons turn fiiimen Ti- berim iungebat? 6. Quot Roman! host!s sustinent? 7. Dum Horatius host!s sustinet, quid Roman! facie- bant ? 8. Deciditne pons in fiiimen ? 9. Quid deinde facit Horatius ? 10. Quod praemium c!ves Horatio dant?

inter-ea, meanwhile,

ex-iguus, small.

pars, PART.

trans-mitto, send acres s. (Transmit.)

fragor, crash.

de-cido, fall down. (Decid- uous. )

toUo, raise, {Ex-tol.)

de-silio, leap down. tra-no, swim across. tantus, so great. civitas, state,

gratUS, GUATK-f ul,

Comitium, the comitium,

place in the Forum, pono, place. (Position.)

VERB SUM. 61

QUESTIONS.

197. Why are the Mixed stems so called ? What nouns be- long to Mixed stems ? State the Gender Rules of the Third Declension. Give an example of your own of the Ablative of Accompaniment, Ablative of Manner, Ablative of Means. De- cline : aestas, cliens, volpes, laus, exemplar, mens, celeritas, sides, mors, piscis.

LESSON XXII.

Verb Sum — Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Per- fect Indicative ; Imperative.

198. There are three tenses in the Indicative mood besides the Present, Imperfect, and Future ; viz., the Perfect, Pluperfect^ and Future Perfect.

199. The Perfect tense denotes either :

a. Time completed in the past, withoitt reference to its continuance; as : I walked; or,

h. Time completed in the present, as : / have ivalked.

200. The Pluperfect tense denotes time completed in the past, before some other action was begun, as : I had walked a mile, luhen I met a stranger.

201. The Future Perfect tense denotes time completed in the future, as : / shall have ivalked.

202. The Imperative mood has but two tenses, the Present and the Future.

62 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXII. 203. VERB SUM INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect stem^ fu-.

PERFECT. SINGULAR. PLURAL.

„ . ^ I was. ^ . i we were.

fu-i, < ^ 7 r fu-imus, -{ J ,

I I have been. ( we have been.

^ . ^- S you were. i? • 4.- S Vou were.

fu-istl, \ r^ r, fu-lStlS, < , ,

( you have been. ( you have been.

^ he was. fu-erunt J they were.

^'^ ' I he has been. or fu-ere, ( they have been.

PLUPERFECT.

fu-era-m, I had been. fu-era-mus, we had been.

fu-era-s, you had been. . fu-era-tis, you had been.

fu-era-t, he had been. fu-era-nt, they had been.

FUTURE PERFECT.

fu-er-o, I shall have been. fu-eri-mus, we shall have been. -

fu-eri-s, you will have been. fu-eri-tis, you will have been.

fu-eri-t, he will have been. fu-eri-nt, they will have been.

IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present stem, es-.

PRESENT.

es, be thou. es-te, be ye.

FUTURE.

es-to, thou shalt be. es-tote, ye shall be,

es-to, he shall be. su-nto, they shall be,

a. Notice that the somewhat irregular personal end- ings in the Perfect are added directly to the Perfect stem.

VERB SUM. 63

b. The tense sign in the Pluperfect is -era- = had.

c. The tense sign in the Future Perfect is -eri- = shall or will have.

Note. — The tense signs and personal endings of these three tenses are the same in all Latin verbs. Master them and their meanings now, and they will present no further difficulty.

d. Observe that -6 is the prevailing vowel in the Future Imperative.

ATALANTA.

204. Atalanta fuit celerrima mortalium. Diii propter oraculum coniugium vitabat. Schoeneus, virginis pater, procos f iliae sic monebat : '^ Si victor certamine pedum eris, turn filiam meam in matri- monium duces. Sed mors esto pretium tarditatis." Nihilo minus Atalantae multi proci fuerunt. Nam fuit pulcherrima virgo. Itaque multi ex foedere poenam pendebant. Denique Hippomenes virginem in matrimonium petit. Ante certamen autem a Venere auxilium orat. Inde dea iuveni tria aurea poma dat.

205. 1. Notwithstanding, the maidens had many suitors. 2. Had you been a victor in the races? 3. Many of the maidens were most beautifuL 4. Hippomenes will be the victor in the foot-race. 5. The father of the maidens had been the swiftest of mortals. 6. You shall pay the penalty unless you are Qit. shall have been) the victor.

64 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXII.

Sight Translation. At al ant A. — Concluded,

206. Interea undique ad certamen conyeniunt. Mox tubae signum dant. Una cursores carcere emicant et clamoribus multitudinis pariter volant. Turn Hippomenes, dum meta longe abest, unum de tribus pomis mittit. Virgo cupTdine ami declinat, tol- litque nitidum pomum. Interea Hippomenes primum locum tenet. Mox tamen Atalanta moram corrigit. Inde iuvenis secundum pomum mittit, sed nequiquam. lam ad metam appropinquabant. '' Nunc " inquit Hippomenes ""'ades, o dea." Inde tertium pomum mittit. Atalanta dubitat, declinat, atque Hippo- menes victor emicat, habetque praemium.

207. 1. Ciir Atalanta coniugium vitabat? 2. Quo modo Schoeneus procos filiae monebat? 8. Num mult! poenam pendebant? 4. Quis denique virginem in matrimonium petit? 5. Quid Venus iuveni dat? 6. Dum meta lo;ige abest, quid facit Hippomenes ? 7. Num virgo cupidine pomi de- clinat? 8. Corrigitne moram? 9. Quid deinde facit Hippomenes ? 10. Ubi tertium pomum mittit ? 11. Quis fuit victor?

tuba, trumpet. absum, he distant (Absent.)

signnni, signal. cupido, desire. (Cupidity.)

una, together. (Unit.) auruni, gold.

cuxBox, runner. (Cursory.) die-clln.o, turn aside. (Decline.)

career, starting point. tollo, pick up.

emico, dart forth. nitidus, shining.

pariter, side by side. (Parity.) corrigo, make up. (Correct.)

meta., goal. dubito, hesitate. (Dubita-

longe, afar. tive.)

THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES.

65

QUESTIONS.

208. What time does the Perfect denote ? Distinguish be- tween the Imperfect and Perfect. What time does the Pluper- fect denote ? The Future Perfect ? Of what does the Perfect of sum consist ? What is the tense sign of the Pluperfect ? Of the Future Perfect ? What are the English equivalents of these tense signs ? Conjugate all the tenses of the Indicative and Imperative of sum. Latin and English. Translate : fueritis, fui, fueramus, fuere, fuistis, fuerint ; loe have been, I had been, he will have been, they had been. Give an example of the Dative of Possessor.

LESSON XXIII.

Third Declension Adjectives — I stems; First Conjugation — Indicative and Imperative.

209. acer, sharp. Stem acri-. celer, swift. Stem celeri-.

MASC.

N. acer

O.

D.

Ac. acrem

Ab.

FEM.

acris

acris

acri

acrem

acri

SINGULAR. NEUT. MASC.

acre celer

acre celerem

FEM.

celeris

celeris

celeri

celerem

celeri

NEUT.

celere

celere

N. acres

G.

D.

acres

acrium

acribus

PLURAL.

acria celeres

celeres

celerium

celeribus

celeria

Ac. acris (-es) acris (-es) acria celeris (-es) celeris (-es) celeria Ab. acribus celeribus

66

LATIN READER. —LESSON XXIIL

210.

fortis, brave. Stem forti-

G. D. Ac.

Ab.

SINGULAR.

MASC. and fem.

fortis

fortis forti

fortem

forti

NEUT.

forte

forte

PLURAL.

MASC. and fem. neut.

fortes fortia

fortium

fortibus fortis (-es) fortia

fortibus

211. All stems in -ri are declined like acer, except celer, which keeps -e throughout.

a. Like acer, decline equester, equestrian^ andpedester, 'pedestrian. Like fortis, decline brevis, short., and gravis, heavy. Decline together : fortis vir ; acris pugna ; breve tempus.

212. FIRST CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect stem amav-.

PERFECT.

amav-i,

w

amav-isti,

amav-it,

I loved.

have loved, you loved, you have loved, he loved, he has loved.

( we loved.

\ we have loved.

j you loved.

\ you have loved. araav-erunt, r they loved, or amav-ere, \ they have loved.

amav-imus,

amav-istis,

PLUPERFECT.

amav-era-m, I had loved. amav-era-mus, we had loved.

amav-era-s, you had loved. amav-era-tis, you had loved.

amav-era-t, he had loved. amav-era-nt, they had loved.

FUTURE PERFECT.

snoasLY-er-o, I shall have loved. amav-eri-mus, ive shall have

loved. amav-eri-s, you will have loved, amav-eri-tis, you will have loved. amav-eri-t, he will have loved, amav-eri-nt, they will have loved.

THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 67

IMPERATIVE MOOD. — Present Stem, ama-.

PRESENT.

ama, love thou, ama-te, love ye.

FUTURE.

ama-to, thou shalt love, ama-tote, ye shall love,

ama-to, he shall love. ama-nto, they shall love.

a. Observe that, in the First Conjugation, the Perfect stem is formed by adding -v to the Present stem, thus : ama 4- v = amav-.

Note. — The student should hereafter learn the Principal Parts of all the verbs in each Lesson, so that he may know their different stems.

DEUCALION ET PYRRHA.

213. Omnibus in locis terrae olim fuerunt impie- tas et scelus. Numquam antehac homines tarn turpes criidelesque fuerant. Denique luppiter terri- bilem poenam paravit. Ex omni caelo densos nim- bos convocat et adsiduos imbris demittit. Neptunus quoque fratrem iuvat. Ubique fliimina agios inun- dant. lam altum mare etiam summos montis tegebat. Parnasus solus ex undis eminebat. Hic pius Deuca- lion cum coniuge Pyrrha parva rate adhaerebant. Nee iam Ira deorum manet.

214. 1. We had called pious men together from every land. 2. The highest mountains alone will project from the deep sea. 3. The gods have pre- pared cruel punishments for base men. 4. The river will have inundated the land before this. 5. Jupiter and Neptune assisted Deucalion and Pyrrha.

68 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIIL

Sight Translation. Deucalion et Pyrrha. — Concluded,

215. Statim Neptunus nubis fugavit et flumina mariaque revocavit. Sed ex omnibus mortalibus modo duo supereraiit. Maesti Deucalion et Pyrrha in teraplo a dea auxilium orabant. Inde Themis sic responsum dedit : '' Velate capita, et post tergum ossa magnae parentis iactate." Diu stupebant. Deu- calion tandem sic dicit : '^ Terra est magna parens omnium. Forsitan lapides sunt ossa magnae paren- tis, Inde a templo discedunt, capita velant, et saxa post tergum mittunt. Mox respiciunt. lam saxa sunt viii et feminae. Sic del terrae homines resti- tuerunt.

216. 1. Ciir olim luppiter terribilem poenam ho- minibus paravit? 2. Quid facit luppiter? 3. Quo modo Neptunus lovem iuvat ? 4. Qui mons solus ex undis eminebat? 5. Qui monti adhaerebant? 6. Quid statim facit Neptiinus ? 7. Quot ex omni- bus mortalibus supererant? 8. Quid faciunt Deu- calion et Pyrrha? 9. Quod responsum dedit dea? 10. Quid de responso dicit Deucalion? 11. Quid faciunt Deucalion et Pyrrha? 12. Quid evenit?

re-voco, recall. (Revoke.) parens, parent.

modo, only. re-spicio, look hack, (Re- Themis, Goddess of Justice. spect.)

re-sponsum, response. femina, woman, (Feminine.)

velo, VEIL. re-stituo, restore, (Restitu- OS, hone, (Ossify.) tion.)

THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 69

QUESTIONS.

217. What is the difference in declension between acer and celer ? Why does f ortis have but two endings in the Nomina- tive ? Conjugate the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of paro and do. What is the use of learning the Principal Parts of verbs ?

LESSON XXIV.

Third Declension Adjectives — Consonant Stems;

Second Conjugation — Indicative and

Imperative.

218.	audax, daring.	prudens, prudent.
	Stem audac-.	Stem prudent-.
	SINGULAR.
	M., F. N.	M., F.
N.	audax	prudens
G.	audacis	prudentis
D.	audaci	prudent!
Ac.	audacem audax	prudentem priidens
Ab.	audaci (-e)	prudenti (-e)
	PLURAL.
N.	audaces audacia	priidentes priidentia
G.	audacium	prudentium
D.	audacibus	prudentibus
Ac.	audacis (-es) audacia	prudentis (-es) priidentia
Ab.	audacibus	prudentibus

a. Almost all adjectives of the Third Declension with Consonant stems are declined, like audax and prudens, with the case endings of -i stems. Decline atrox, fierce, and diligens, diligent. Decline together : ferox aper ; ingens templum ; vetus Roma.

70 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIV.

219. SECOND CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect stem monu-.

PERFECT.	PLUPERFECT.
I warned or I have warned.	I had warned.
monu-i monu-imus	monu-era-m monu-era-mus
monu-isti monu-istis	monu-era-s monu-era-tis
monu-it monu-erunt	monu-era-t monu-era-nt
or monu-ere	IMPERATIVE MOOD.
FUTURE PERFECT.	Present stem mone-.
I shall have warned.	PRESENT. mone mone-te
monu-er-6 monu-eri-mus	FUTURE.
monu-eri-s monu-eri-tis	mone-to mone-tote
monu-eri-t monu-eri-nt	mone-to mone-nto

a. Most verbs of the Second Conjugation form the Perfect stem by changing final -e of the Present stem to -u, thus mone- becomes monu- ; but there are many ex- ceptions which should be carefully studied. Notice the stems of sedeo and video in the following paragraph.

C. MUCIUS SCAEVOIiA.

220. Diu Porsena Romam obsederat. Maxima inopia cibT in urbe erat. Denique C. Miicius, adu- lescens nobilis, in castra hostium penetravit. Ibi prope regium tribiinal ingentem turbam vidit. Scriba cum rege sedebat, atque stTpendium militibus dabat. Dili Miicius dubitabat; nam figiirae regis inscius erat. Denique scrlbam pro rege obtruncat. Satel- lites regis audacem iuvenem comprehendunt retra- huntque ante tribunal. liissis regis, iTgna Miicio circumdant, atque ignis parant.

THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 71

221. 1. Porsena's soldiers were besieging the ene- my's camp. 2. The daring j^ouths had slain the king's attendants. 3. The soldiers penetrated the vast crowd. 4. The enemies of Mucins will have besieged the cities. 5. Is not the crowd of daring soldiers sitting before the tribunal ?

Sight Translation. C. Mucius ScAEVOLA. — Concluded.

222. Miicius autem interritus, '' Romanus civis " inquit '' sum, neque mortem timeo." Inde dextram in ignem imponit. Porsena, attonitus miraculo, tan- tam virtutem laudat, atque Miicium liberum dimittit. Inde Mucius regem sic monuit : '^ Trecenti Roman! iuvenes, magne rex, in te coniuraverunt. Mea prima sors fuit. Ceteri singuli aderunt, utcumque occasio erit." Rex, de sua saliite commotus, copias dediicit, et agro Romano excedit. Postea Miicius, a clade dextrae, cognomen Scaevola habuit.

223. 1. Ciir olim erat maxima inopia cibi in urbe Roma? 2. Quis in castra hostium penetravit?

in-territus, unterrified.

timeo, /ea7\ (Timid.)

dextra, right hand. (Dex- terous.)

im-pono, put into or on. (Imposition.)

at-tonitus, astonished.

miraoulum, startling act.

di-mitto, DISMISS.

tre-oenti, three hundred.

con-iuro, conspire. (Conjure.)

ut-cumque, whenever,

oc-casio, opportunity., occa- sion.

oom-motus, alarmed. (Com- motion.)

ceteri, the others.

singuli, one hy one. (Singular.)

de-duoo, lead away. (Deduce.)

cog-nomen, surname.

72

LATIN BEAJDEB. — LESSON XXV.

3. Quid prope regium tribunal Yidit? 4. Ciir Mii- cius scribam pro rege obtruncavit ? 5. Quid audaci iuveni accidit? 6. Nonne Mucius ignis timuit? 7. Quid facit Miicius? 8. Quid facit Porsena? 9. Quid Miicius regem monuit? 10. Quid facit rex ? 11. Quod cognomen postea Mucius liabuit ?

QUESTIONS. 9

224. What -i stem endings are found in the declension of most Third Declension adjectives with consonant stems ? Con- jugate the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of habeo and sedeo. What is the Genitive Singular of Mucius?

LESSON XXV.

Fourth Declension ; Third Conjugation — Indica- tive and Imperative.

225. exercitus, m., arm?/. cornu,n.^ horn. doniuSff., house. Stem exercitu- cornu- domu-

SINGULAR.

N. exercitus cornu domus

G. exercitus cornus domus (domi)

D. exercitui (-u) cornu domui (domo)

Ac. exercitum cornu domum

Ab. exercitu cornu domo (domu)

CASE ENDINGS.
-US	-u
-us
-ui(-u)	-u
-um	-u
-u

PLURAL.

N. exercitus cornua domus -us -ua

G. exercituum cornuum domuum (domorum) -uum

D. exercitibus cornibus domibus -ibus

Ac. exercitus cornua domos (domus) -us -ua

Ab. exercitibus cornibus domibus -ibus

FOURTH DECLENSION. 73

a, Notice that the stem ends in -u; hence this is sometimes called the -u Declension.

b. Observe that domus has several forms of the Second Declension, and that the Second Declension form is preferred to the Fourth in the Ablative Singular and in the Accusative Plural.

226. Gender Rule. Most nouns of the Fourth Declen- sion ending in -us are Masculine ; those ending in -u are Neuter.

Exc. Manus and domus are feminine.

227. Like exercitus decline magistratus, m., magis- trate^ and manus, /., handj band; like cornu decline genu, n.j knee,

228. THIRD CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect stem rex-

PERFECT.	PLU	PERFECT.
I ruled or	Ih	ave ruled.	Iliad ruled.
rex-i		rex-imus	rex-era-m	rex-era-mus
rex-isti		rex-istis	rex-era-s	rex-era-tis
rex-it		rex-erunt or rex-ere	rex-era-t	rex-era-nt

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present stem rege-.

FUTURE PERFECT. PRESENT.

I shall hare ruled. rege regi-te

rex-er-o rex-eri-mus future.

rex-eri-s rex-eri-tis regi-to regi-tote

rex-eri-t rex-eri-nt regi-to regu-nto

a. The formation of the Perfect stem in the Third Conjugation is very irregular. Kotice the following ways of forming the Perfect stem :

74 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XXV.

1. Adding s to the root ; reg- + s = rex-, due- + s = dux-, lud- + s = lus-.

2. Eeduplicatioii (prefixing the first two letters to the root) : cu 4- curr- = cucurr-, pe + pell- = pepul-.

3. Lengthening the vowel of the root : em-, em- ; ag- eg- ; vine-, vie-.

4. Adding -u to the root : al- + u = alu-, col- + u =- colu-.

5. By adding -Iv to the root : pet- + iv = petiv-, quaer- + IV = quaesTv-.

6. Eetaining the root : ru-, ru- : vert-, vert-.

DUO EQUITES.

229. Postquam Porsena cum suo exercitu finibus Romanis excesserat, Tarquinius ab Octavio Mamilio, rege Latiiiorum, auxilium petTvit. Brevi postea Ro- man! et Latini ad lacum Regillum dimicaverunt. Grave et atrox erat proelium. Denique a sinistro cornii Romani impetum Latinorum non sustinuerunt. Iiide Aulas Postumius dictator, '' Templum " incla- mat " geminis fratribus voveo, sT hodie hostis vTceri- mus." Ecce autem, statim duo ignoti iuvenes in albis equis delectam manum dictatoris in hostis diicebant.

230. 1. The two armies have withdrawn from the Latin territor3^ 2. Mamilius had led the cavalry against the left wing. 3. The dictator, with a picked band of young men, was sustaining the ene- my's attacks. 4. Postumius will lead the left wing of the Roman army. 5. Will not the king have sought aid from the Latins?

I

FOURTH DECLENSION. 75

Sight Translation, Duo Equites. — Concluded,

231. Omnibus in locis magna caedes erat. lam Mamilius atque filius Tarquini occidunt. Denique Latini terga vertunt et fuga saliitem petunt. In- terea in urbe elves in magno metu erant. Subito, oeeasii solis, duo equites in Foro apparent. Prope templum Vestae ex equis descendunt. Dum hic fessTs equis aquam dant, civibus vTctoriam praecla- ram nuntiant. Inde ex Foro equitant, neque iterum Romanis apparent. Sed Aulus ''Duo equites" in- quit ''gemini fratres, Castor et Pollux, fuerunt." In Foro igitur templum magnificum aedificavit dica- vitque geminis dels.

232. 1. Num Porsena Romam expugnavit? 2. A quo postea Tarquinius auxilium petivit? 3. Ubi duo exercitlis dimicaverunt ? 4. Nonne Ro- man! impetum Latinorum sustinuerunt? 5. Quid inclamavit dictator? 6. Quid accidit? 7. Qui denique terga verterunt? 8. Qui in Foro, occasu solis, apparuerunt ? 9. Quid prope templum Vestae fecerunt? 10. Qui erant duo equites ?

oc-cid6,/a??, perish. fessus, tired.

verto, turn. (i?e-vert.) victoria, victory.

metus, anxiety. prae-clarus, splendid^ glorious.

oc-casus, setting. nuntio, an-NOUNCE.

sol, sun. (Solar.) iterum, again.

Vesta, Goddess of the Hearth. Castor, Castor.

de-scendo, descend, dis- Pollux, Pollux.

mount, magni-ficus, magnificent.

76

LATIN READER,

LESSON XXVL

QUESTIONS.

233. Why is the Fourth Declension sometimes called the -u Declension ? Decline domus. In what cases of domus are the Second Declension forms preferred to the Fourth ? State the Gender Kule. What nouns in -us are Feminine ? Conjugate the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of duco. Give a synopsis in the Indicative and Imperative of do and sustineo. (A synopsis is an outline of a verb, giving but one form in each tense, as: amat, amabat, amabit, etc.)

LESSON XXVI.

Fifth Declension ; Fourth Conjugation — Indica- tive and Imperative ; Accusative of Time.

234.	dies, m.	, day.	res,	/.,	thing.
Stem	die-		re-			CASE	ENDINGS.
	SING.	PLUR.	SING.		PLUR.	SING	PLUR.
N.	dies	dies	res		res	-es	-es
G.	diei	dierum	rei		rerum	-ei	-erum
D.	diei	diebus	rei		rebus	-ei	-ebus
Ac.	diem	dies	rem		res	-em	-es
Ab.	die	diebus	re		rebus	-e	-ebus

a. The stem ends in -e.

b. Only dies and res have all the cases in the Plural. Most nouns of this declension are declined in the Sin- gular only, but a few have also the Nominative and Accusative Plural.

c. Contrary to the rule, in the Genitive and Dative Singular the vowel -e is long before -i, except in res, spes, and fides. See § 8, h.

FIFTH BECLENSION,

n

235. Gender Rule. ISTouns of the Fifth Declension are Feminine, except dies, which is usually Masculine in the Singular, and always in the Plural.

236. FOURTH CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.

Ferfect stein audiv-.

PERFECT.

1 heard or I have heard.

audlv-i	audiv-imus
audiv-isti	audiv-istis
audiv-it	audiv-erunt
	or audiv-ere
FUTURE	PERFECT.
I shall have heard.
audiv-er-o	audiv-eri-mus
audiv-eri-s	audiv-eri-tis
audiv-eri-t	audiv-eri-nt

PLUPERFECT.

/ had heard. audiv-era-m audiv-era-mus audiv-era-s audiv-era-tis audiv-era-t audiv-era-nt

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present stem audi-.

PRESENT.

audi audi-te

FUTURE.

audi-to audi-tote

audi-to audiu-nto

a. The Perfect stem in the Fourth Conjugation is regularly formed by adding -v to the Present stem as^ audi- + V = audiv-.

237. ACCUSATIVE OF TIME HOW LONG.

Multos annos caecus fuit. He ivas blind many years.

Observe that annos is in the Accusative, and that it answers the question, Hoiv long? It is therefore called the Accusative of thiie how long.

238. Rule XVI.

time how long.

The Accusative is used to denote

78 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXVL

PROSERPINA.

239. In Sicilia quondam Proserpina, filia Cereris, in luco flores carpebat. Subito Plutonis currus ad lucum celeriter appropinquat. Deus pulchram deam videt atque statim diligit. Nee ulla mora est. lam Proserpina captiva in curru terribilis del per agros lacusque volat. NequTquam dea territa matrem et comites clamat. Mox Pliiton sceptrum in altum fontem condit et viam in Tartara aperit.

Interea Ceres filiam dies noctisque quaesiverat, sed non reppererat. Denique fessa dea omnem spem deposuit. Valde irata fruges terris negabat. Ubique dira inopia erat.

240. 1. At length the mother and companions of Proserpina gave up all their hopes. 2. Have you searched for the maiden during the night? 3. He had opened a way through the earth with Pluto's sceptre. 4. Did not the maidens pluck flowers in the fields during the day? 5. You will not find the god's chariot in the grove.

Sight Translation, Proserpina. — Concluded.

241. Sed fliimen Alpheus, dum subter Siciliam fluit, Proserpinam vTderat, et nunc tandem Cereri to tarn rem narravit. Inde dea ad lovem venit, et auxilium oravit. Pater hominum atque deorum preces Cereris benigne audivit. Turn sic respondit : '' Proserpina repetet terram, sed certa lege, si niillum cibum contigit." At infelix Proserpina, dum per

:fifth declension. 79

hortum errat, Puniceum pomum gustaverat. Iterum Ceres omnem spem deposuit. Turn luppiter, plenus misericordiae annum inter Plutonem et Cererem dividit. Qua re postea Proserpina cum matre sex mensis, cum coniuge totidem mensis semper manebat.

242. 1. Ubi quondam Proserpina flores carpebat? 2. Qui ad lucum celeriter appropTnquat? 8. Vi- de tne Pliiton Proserpinam ? 4. Quid statim accidit ? 5. Quo modo Pliiton viam in Tartara aperuit? 6. Quid interea Ceres fecerat? 7. Quo modo Ceres terras piinivit? 8. Quis tandem CererT totam rem narravit ? 9. A quo Ceres auxilium oravit ? 10. Quid respondit luppiter? 11. Contigeratne Pro- serpina iillum cibum? 12. Quid tandem fecit luppiter?

QUESTIONS.

243. Decline together festus dies ; res publica ; inanis currus. State the Gender Rule for the Fifth Declension. Inflect the Indicative and Imperative of reperio. Give a synopsis of divido and nianeo.

Alpheus, a river in Greece. in-felix, unfortunate. (Infelici- subter, underneath. tous.)

fluo, FLOW. Puniceus, funic, reddish ; with totus, whole. (Total.) pomum. = pomegranate,

-prex, prayer, entreaty. ^usto, taste. (Dis-gust.)

benigiie, in a kindly manner, miseri-cordia, pity.

BEmGi^LT. divido, divide.

lex, law. (Legal.) sex, six.

certus, fixed, certain. mensis, month.

niillus, no. (Null.) con-iunx, husband. (Conju- con-tingo, touch. (Contact.) gal.)

80 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XXVIt

LESSON XXVII.

Personal and Reflexive Pronouns; Double Accusative.

244. FIRST PERSON.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

K ego, J. nos, we.

G. mei, of me. nostrum or nostri, of us.

D. mihi (mi), to or forme. nobis, to or for us.

Ac. me, me. nos, us.

Ab. me,/rom, ivith^ or by me. nobis,/rom, loith, or by us.

SECOND PERSON.

JST. tu, you. vos, you.

G. tui, of you. vestrum or vestri, of you.

D. tibi, to or for you. vobis, to or for you.

Ac. te, you. vos, you.

Ab. te,from, with, or by you. vobis, /rom, ivith, or by you.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.

N

G. sui, of himself herself , itself . sui, of themselves. D. sibi, to or for hiynself etc. sibi, to or for themselves. Ac. se or sese, himself etc. se or sese, themselves.

Ab. se or sese, /ro?n, icith, or se or sese, from, with, or by by himself, etc. themselves.

a. The Eeflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the sentence, as : Imperator se culpat, The general hlames himself. The pronouns of the first and second person may also be used reflexively, as: Ego me culpo, I blame myself ; vos vos culpatis, You hlavie yourselves.

h. The preposition cum becomes an enclitic when used with the Personal and Eeflexive pronouns, as : tecum, nobiscum.

PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 81

245. DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE.

Romulus urbem Rdmam vocavit, Romulus called the city Rome.

246. Rule XVII. Verbs of naming, making, choosing, showing, and the like, may have two Accusatives of the same person or thing.

PERSEUS ET MEDUSA.

247. Polydectes, rex Seriphi, Danaen, matrem Persei, in matrimonium sibi petebat. At Perseus obstabat. Rex tandem iuvenem ad se vocavit. ^' Qtiot annos" inquit ''hic ignavus manebis? Tii es non iam infans. A latere matris discede, et apud externas gentis gloriam pete. Ubi Gorgonis Medii- sae caput abscideris, turn fortem virum te praebebis.'' Sine mora Perseus ad iter paravit. Mediisa autem cum duabus sororibus in Libya habitabat. Dira mon- stra erant Gorgones ; nam aureas alas et aeneos ui> guis habebant. Mediisa olim pulclierrima virgo fuerat. Sed Minervam laeserat. Qua re Trata, dea crinis Mediisae in turpis serpentes miitaverat.

248. 1. Show yourselves brave heroes, young men. 2. The maiden will remain abroad two years. 3. I had sought glory for myself in Africa. 4. We called the young men to us. 6. The monster has brazen claws (use the Dative of Possessor').

Sight Translation, Perseus et Medusa. — Continued.

249. Exinde, si quis ora Mediisae aspexit, proti- nus in saxum se vertit. Perseus autem Gorgones

82 LATIN BEABEB,— LESSON XXVIL

non temere petivit, sed primum ab immortalibus dels auxilium oravit. Inde Minerva iuveni nitidum cli- peum dedit. Harpen, telum curvo hamo, atque talaria ab Mercuric Perseus accepit. Sic armatus ad oras Libycas tendit. Mox ad locum venit, ubi Graeae sedebant. Tribus sororibus erant omnino unus ocu- lus iinusque dens. Ab Graeis viam ad Hesperidas quaesTvit Perseus, sed asperum responsum recepit. Dum auteni unum oculum inter se tradunt, Perseus suam manum supposuit et oculum subripuit. Turn denique necessitate, sorores iuveni viam monstrave- runt.

250. 1. Quis matrem Persei in matrimonium sibi friistra petebat ? 2. Quid tandem fecit rex ? 8. Quid Perseo dixit? 4. Qualia monstra erant Gor- gones? 5. Quo modo olim Minerva Mediisam puniverat? 6. Quid accidit, si quis ora Mediisae aspexit? 7. Quid Perseus ab Minerva accepit? 8. Quid ab Mercurio? 9. Quae erant Graeae? 10. Quo modo Perseus Graearum oculum cepit?

ex-inde, thereafter, ac-cipio, receive. (Accept.)

o^, face., feature. (Oral.) or b., shore.

a-spicio, look at. (Aspect.) Libycus, Libyan., African,

pro-tinvLS, forthwith. tendo, hold one^s course, tend.

temere, rashly. (Temerity.) Graeae, the aRAEAE. (See Yo- immortalis, immortal. cab. )

clipeus, (a round) shield. dens, tooth. (Dentist.)

Harpe, a sickle-shaped sword. Hesperides, guardians of the hamus, hook. golden apples.

curvus, CURVED, bent. sup-pono, place under.

talaria, winged sandals. sub-ripio, steal away. (Sur- Mercurius, Mercury, mes- reptitious.)

senger of the gods. necessitas, necessity.

PASSIVE OF FIRST CONJUGATION. 83

QUESTIOJSrS.

251. Decline the Personal Pronouns. Decline the Reflexive. Translate: We blame ourselves ; they blame themselves; will not your mother come with you f

LESSON XXVIII.

Voice; Passive of First Conjugation; Ablative of

Agent.

252. There are two voices :

a. The Active voice represents the subject as acting, as : The dog hit the hoy.

h. The Passive voice represents the subject as acted upon, as : The boy was hitten hy the dog.

Heretofore, verbs have been given in the Active voice only.

253. The Personal endings in the Passive voice are as follows : —

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

-r = J. -mur = we,

-ris or -re = you, -mini = you.

-tur, = he^ she, it -ntur, = they.

254. FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE.

amo-r, I am loved. ama-mur, we are loved,

ama-ris or -re, you are loved, ama-mini, you are loved.

ama-tur, he is loved, ama-ntur, they are loved.

IMPERFECT TENSE.

ama-ba-r, I was loved. axna-ba-mur, ice were loved,

ama-ba-ris or -re, you were loved, ama-ba-mini, you were loved. ama-ba-tur, he ivas loved, ama-ba-ntur, they were loved.

84 LATJy nEADKH. -LESSOy XXV III.

VVTIUV: TKXSE.

aiua-bo-r. / shall be loved. aiua-be-ris or -re, i/ou will be loved. aiua-bi-tur. he will be loved. aina-bi-mur, we shall be loved. ama-bi-niiiii, i/ou will be loved. ama-bu-utur, thei/ will be loved.

rVAlV\:CT TKXSE.

r«nnv ! Iicasloved

sum,

I / Jiave bee)i loved.

a mat us | \ you were loved.

(^-a, -uuO I ' \ i/ou have bee)i loved.

! ^^. I he was loved.

L ^^ he has been loved.

( \ we were loved.

I sumus, s

( we have been loved.

amati \ i/ou were loved.

^ estis, N * (-ae, -a) 1 / i/ou have been loved.

sunt,

\ the I/ were loved.

^ they have been loved.

ri-UPKHFECT TEXSE.

f eram, 7 had been loved.

amatus ^ ^^,-^ ^^^^^^^ j^^^^^ ^^^,^,^^ j^^^,^^j^

eratis, i/ou had been loved. ^M

f eramus, we had been loved.

^ eratis, i/ou had been loved. (-ae, -a') ^^^.^^^^^ fj^^.^^ /^,^^^ ^,^,^,,^ j^,^.^.^i

FUTIKE I'KKl EOT TEXSE.

('ero, I shall have been loved. ama us ^i ^^.^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^.^^/ jiave been loved. (-a, -urn) j^^^..^^ j^^^ ^^,.^^ ^^^^^,^, ^^^^^^^ j^^^^^^

f erinius, we shall have been loved. ama i ^ eritis, you will have been loved. (-ae, -a) j^ei-^^j^t, they will have been loved.

AliLATIVK OF AGEXT. 85

JMPKJtA'iJVh MOOD — i'iif/'iEST TJCNSE.

ama-re, be thou Weed. ama-mini, 6e ye loved.

yini'RK TKSHK.

ama-tor, thou fihalt he loced,

arna-tor, he shoM he Weed. ama-ntor, they shoM, he Weed.

a. Observe that the ^^r^/^^.-s*^. sif/ns in the Present, Imijer- fect, aud Future are the same as in the Active voice.

b. In the }^erfect, Pluijerfect, and Future Perfect tenses, the participle amatus must agree with the sub- ject of the verb in gender, number, and case, as: pater amatus est, mater amata est. etc.

c. Notice that the Present Imperative Passive is the same as the Present Infinitive Active.

d. Notice the irregularities in the First Singular of the Present Indicative, and in the First and Second Singular of the Future Indicative.

255. ablatiyp: of agent.

Oppidum a Caesare expugnatum est. The tov:n v:o.h token by Caesar.

Observe that Caesa^re is in the Ablative with the I^'Cposition a, and that it denotes the af/ent or persorc by whom the action was done. Hence it is called the Ablative of Jf/ent.

256. Rule XVIII. The Ablative with the jjreposition

a or ab is used to denote the Agent after Passive verbs.

Xotp:. — a may be used o /'J;// before words beginning with a con- sonant; ab before words beginning with a vowel or a consonant. (Compare the use of a and an in English.)

86 LATIN BEABEB. —LESSON XXVIII.

PERSEUS ET MEDUSA. — Continued.

257. Hand ita multo post Perseus ad pomaria Hesperidum pervenit. Pulchrae virgines cum in- somni dracone arborem aureis pomis custodiebant. Hic quoque Perseus felix fuit. Nam ab virginibus mira galea donatus est. Quicumque galeam induit, statim ex oculis evanuit. Nunc denique Perseus ad certamen cum Gorgonibus paratus est. Mox ad domos Gorgonum appropinquabat. Passim per agros et per vias saxea simulacra hominum fera- rumque yidebat. Nam omnes res a Medusa in saxa miitatae erant. Perseus autem in nitidum clipeum inspiciebat. Subito horribilem formam monstri cernit.

258. 1. Be thou changed, frightful monster, into a stone. 2. The maiden is presented by Perseus with a golden apple. 3. Will the men have been prepared for the contests with wild beasts? 4. The sleepless dragon will watch the golden apples in the gardens. 5. Men and beasts were every- where being changed into stones.

Sight Translation, Perseus et Medusa. — Concluded,

259. Dum gravis somnus tris sorores tenet, Perseus Mediisae caput fido telo abscidit. Inde celeribus talaribus avolat. Interea duae reliquae Gorgones e somno excitantur, atque caedem suae sororis senti- unt. Omnis in partis circumspectant et mox hostem cernunt. Sine mora instant. At Perseus miram galeam induit, atque ita magno periculo statim

ABLATIVE OF AGENT. 87

liberatur. Denique cum capite Gorgonis ad insulam Seiiphon j)ervenit. HTc matrem in templo invenit, quo indignitatibus Polydectae fugerat. Inde ad re- giam Perseus pergit, atque sine mora malum regem in saxum miitat. Brevi postea Harpen et talaria Mercurio, galeam Hesperidibus reddidit. Mediisae caput Minervae dedit. Semper postea dea Gorgonis caput in medio clipeo gerebat.

260. 1. Quid iiisomnis draco in pomariis Hesperi- dum custodiebat? 2. Quid Hesperides Perseo dederunt? 8. Quam ob rem mira fuit galea? 4. Quid videbat Perseus, ubi ad domos Gorgonum appro- pinquabat? 5. Ciir Perseus in saxum non miitatus est? 6. Quo modo Perseus Mediisam caedit? 7. Quid faciunt duae reliquae Gorgones ? 8. Quo modo Perseus periculo liberatur? 9. Ubi matrem invenit? 10. Quo modo malum regem piinivit? 11. Quibus Perseus arma dedit? 12. Ubi semper postea erat caput Gorgonis ?

QUESTIONS.

261. Distinguish between the Active and Passive voice. What are the Personal endings in the Passive ? What stems are used in the Passive ? Give an example of your own of the Abla- tive of Agent. How does it differ from the Ablative of Means ?

somnus, sleep. (In-somnia.) insula, island. (Insular.)

fidus, trusty. (Fidelity.) qu5, whither.

di-^6\.o,jly away, in-dignitas, indignity.

ex-cito, awake, (Excite.) fugio.^ee. (Fugitive.)

sentio, perceive. (Sense.) pergo, proceed.

circum-spect5, look around, medius, middle of. (Medium.) insto, pursue, (Instant.)

88

LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XXIX.

Inflect paro in all tenses of the Indicative and Imperative Pas- sive. Translate: mutaberis, niutantor, mutatus eram, muta- mini, mutata est, mutabaris, mutati erimus; you (plural) had been changed^ lam changed^ itwill have been changed^ we were being changed^ you (singular) will be changed^ be ye changed.

LESSON XXIX.

Demonstrative Pronouns, Hic, Ille, and Iste ; Pas- sive of the Second Conjugation.

262. The Demonstrative pronouns are used to poi7it out or emphasize an object. They are hIc, iste, ille, is, idem, and ipse. They may be used alone as pronouns ; or, like adjectives, they may agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case.

263.

hie, this.

ille, that.

			SINGULAK.
N".	hic	haec	hoc	ille	ilia	illud
G.		huius			illius
D.		huic			illi
Ac.	hunc	hanc	hoc	illumi	illam	illud
Ab.	hoc	hac	hoc	iUo	ilia	illo
			PLURAL.
]sr.	hi	hae	haec	illi	illae	ilia
G.	horum	harum	horum	illorum	illarum	illori]
D.		his			illis
Ac. Ab.	hos	has his	haec	illos	iUas illis	ilia

Note. — iste, ista, istud is declined like ille, ilia, illud.

a. hic, this (near me), is called the Demonstrative of the First person, as : hic liber, this book.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 89

b. iste, that (of yours), is called the Demonstrative of the Second person, as : iste liber, that book of yours. It often implies contempt.

c. ille, that (yonder, near him), is called the Demon- strative of the Third person, as : ille liber, that book yonder.

d. When hic and ille are contrasted, ille usually de- notes the former, and hic the latter.

264. SECOXD COXJUGATIOX PASSIVE VOICE.

i:n^dicative mood.

present. imperfect.

I am warned, I was warned.

moneo-r mone-mur mone-ba-r mone-ba-mur

mone-ris or -re mone-mini mone-ba-ris or re mone-ba-niini

mone-tur mone-ntur mone-ba-tur mone-ba-ntur

FUTURE.

I shall be warned. mone-bo-r mone-bi-mur

mone-be-ris or -re mone-bi-mini mone-bi-tur mone-bu-ntur

PERFECT.

I was warned or I have been warned.

( sum ( sumus

monitus ^^^ momti K^tis (-a, -urn) 1^^^ (-ae,-a)(sunt

PLUPERFECT.

I had been warned. ( eram ( eramus

monitus Kras '^«'^''^ J eratis

(-^'-^°^)(erat ("^^' "*) ( erant

90 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIX.

FUTURE PERFECT.

I shall have been warned.

( ero ( erim

monitus ' ^^ moniti ) .. .

erimus eritis

(-^'-"°i)(erit C-'^^'-'^) (erunt

IMPERATIVE MOOD. ' PRESENT. FUTURE.

mone-re mone-mini mone-tor

mone-tor mone-ntor

ARION ET DELPHrNUS.

265. Clarissimi vates antiquitatis fueruiit Orpheus et Aiion. Ex his, ille Thracius, hie Lesbius fuit. De Aiione haec res adhuc memoria tenetur: Apud Periandrum, regem Corinthi, Arioii multos annos habitabat. Aliquando in Siciliam transmisit. Ubique reges principesque dulcedine carminum Arionis de- lectabantur. Denique multis pretiosis donis onustus navem conscendit, et Graeciam repetebat. Nautae autem avari erant, atque Arioni mortem struebant. Vates illorum maha consilia sentit et misericordiam implorat sed frustra. Denique extremam veniam orat atque impetrat. Protinus splendidam vestem induit, et lyram sumit.

266. 1. These things had been remembered by the wicked princes many years. 2. The avaricious king will have been delighted with that costly gift (of yours). 3. I will embark immediately and return to Sicily. 4. The former implored pity in vain, the latter obtained his request. 5. Are the songs of Arion still remembered in Greece ?

DEMONSTRATIVE P BONO UN S,

91

Sight Translation. Arion et Delphinus. — Concluded,

267. Inde Aiion in puppi navis lyra canit. Totum mare cantu vatis sonat. Mox multi delphmi circum navem congregantur. Protinus Arion ornatus in medias undas desilit. Turn unus ex delphinis Arioni curvum tergum supponit atque novum onus vehit. Vates autem incolumis in illius tergo sedet, tenetque lyram, et cantu undas mulcet. Sic magna cum cele- ritate delphinus Aiionem ad Taenarum vehit. Inde Arion ad Periandrum contendit et omnis res narravit. Brevi postea mail nautae ad urbem Corinthum perve- nerunt. Sine mora ad regem vocati sunt. Primum de Arione mendacia dixerunt. Sed ubi rex vatem advocavit perturbati sunt, atque mox poenam iustam solverunt.

268. 1. Qui fuerunt clarissimi vates antiquitatis ? 2. Ubi habitabat Arion ? 3. A quibus multa dona aliquando accepit? 4. Qui Arioni mortem strue- bant? 5. Quid fecit vates? 6. Qui circum

puppis, stern. cano, play.

cantus, singing. (Chant.) son5, r-e-souND. circum, around. con-grego, assemble. (Con- gregation.) ornatus, ad-ORNED, dressed. novus, strange., new. veho, carry. (Vehicle.) in-columis, safe., unharmed. mulceo, soothe.

Taenarus, a promontory of Greece.

con-tendo, hasten. (Con- tend.)

mendacium, falsehood, lie. (Mendacity.)

ad-voco, call to. (Advo- cate. )

per-turbo, confuse. (Per- turbation.)

iustus, JUST, deserved.

solvbfpay. (Solve.)

92

LATIN READER. — LESSON XXX.

navem congregaiitur ? 7. Quo modo unus ex del- phinis Aiioni auxilium dedit? 8. Quo delphinus vatem vehit ? 9. Ad quern Aiion contendit ? 10. Ubi nautae ad regem vocati sunt, quid de Aiione dixerunt? 11. Quid accidit ubi Aiionem vide- runt?

QUESTIONS.

269. In what two w^ays may Demonstrative pronouns be used? Decline together: hie vir; haec res; hoc donum; ille rex; ista civitas; iUud mare. Distinguish between hie, ille, and iste. Inflect doceo in all tenses of the Indicative and Im- perative Passive. Translate : doetae eritis, doeeor, doeebitur, doeti erant, doeeniini, docebamur, doeere, doetus es ; we are taught^ they shall be taught^ you (singular) had been taught, I was being taught, she has been taught.

LESSON XXX.

Demonstrative Pronouns — Is, Idem and Passive of the Third Conjugation.

Ipse ;

f <<	J70.		is,	this, that.
	SINGULAR.			PLURAL.
N.	is	ea	id	ei (ii)	eae	ea
G.		eius		eorum	earum	eorum
D.		ei			eis (iis)
Ac.	eum	earn	id	eos	eas	ea
Ab.	eo	ea	eo		eis (iis)
			idem, the same.
N.	idem	eadem	idem	eidem	eaedem	eadem

(iidem) G. eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem

D. eidem eisdem (iisdem)

Ac. eundemeaiidemidem eosdem easdem eadem Ab. eodemt eadem eodem eisdem (iisdem)

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

93

ipsum ipsi	ipsae	ipsa
ipsorum	ipsarum ipsis	ipsorum
ipsum ipsos	ipsas	ipsa
ipso	ipsis

ipse, self,

N". ipse ipsa G. ipsius

D. ipsi

Ac. ipsum ipsam

Ab. ipso ipsa

a. Is is not as forcible as hio or ille. It is frequently used as a pronoun of the Third person^ meaning he, she, it,

b. Notice that idem = is + dem (a demonstrative suffix).

Observe the change of m to n before d. G, Ipse adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun, as : vir ipse, the man himself.

271. THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. IMPERFECT.

I am ruled. I was ruled.

rego-r regi-mur rege-ba-r rege-ba-mur

rege-ris or re regi-mini rege-ba-ris or re rege-ba-mini

regi-tur regu-ntur rege-ba-tur rege-ba-ntur

FUTURE.

I shall be ruled, reg-a-r reg-e-mur

PERFECT.

I was ruled or I have been ruled.

' sum i sumus

reff-e-ris or re reff-e-mini , x -< ®^ , s •\ estis

^ (-a, -um) ] ^. (-ae, -a) ] 2f-e-ntur ^ ' M ®^* ( sunt

rectus

reg-e-tur

reg-(

PLUPERFECT.

I had been ruled.

rectus (-a, -um)

94 LATIN BEADEB. — LESSON XXX.

FUTURE PERFECT.

I shall have been ruled.

_ , ( ero _ _ C erimus

rectus \ . recti \

J ens J eritis

IMPERATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. FUTURE.

rege-re regi-mini regi-tor

regi-tor regu-ntor

DOMUS ROMANA.

272. Vestibulum domus Romanae erat vacuus locus ante ianuam. Per id vestibulum erat aditus a via ad domum. lanua ipsa erat lignea ; at postes saepe erant e marmore. In limine plerumque erat verbum ''Salve " in pavimento tessellato. Interior domus in tiis partis dividebatur. Earum prima pars appellata est atrium. In medio tecto eius partis, liicis et aeris causa, apertum spatium relTctum est. Pluvia per eundem locum in impluvium descendit. Supellex erat exigua ; at parietes pulchiis statuis pictiirisque ornabantur. In atrio, dominus amicis et clientibus aditum dabat.

273. 1. That space had been left in the wall on account of a door. 2. The atrium will be in the same part of the house. 3. Roman houses are divided into these three parts. 4. Have not the doors themselves been left open ? 5. The roofs of Roman houses were divided into the same parts.

DEMON STB ATIVE PRONOUNS, 95

Sight Translation. Domus Eomana. — Concluded.

274. Ab utroque latere atri erant nocturna et diurna cubicula familiae hospitibusque. Locus prox- imus atrio appellatus est tablinum. Hic tabulae familiares condebantur ; et in eodem loco dominus pecuniam servabat atque suum opus faciebat. Utrim- que fauces ab atrio ad peristylum, tertiam partem domus, ducebant. In peristylo pulcher hortus atque fons columnis marraoreis includebantur. Ubi vela pro tablino reducta sunt, tota domus, — atrium, deinde tablinum, mox pulchrum peristylum, — iinum in conspectum venit. Peristylo adiacebant triclinia, cubicula, et celiac omnis generis. Superior domus servorum et libertorum iisibus detinebatur.

275. 1. Ubi erat vestibulum domiis Romanae? 2. Quid plerumque in limine erat? 3. In quot

uter-que, each (of two). tertius, third. (Tertiary.)

nocturnus, for the night. marmoreus, of maeble.

(Nocturnal.) in-cludo, enclose, i:n^clude.

diurnus, /or the day. (Diur- velum, curtain. (Veil.)

nal.) re-duco, draio hack. (Re- familia, family. duce.)

hospes, guest, (Hospitality.) unus, one. (Unit.)

proximus, nearest. (Ap- con-spectus, view.

proximate.) ad-iaceo, adjoin, he adjacent.

tablinum, the tablinum. triclinium, dining-room.

tabulae, records. (Tables.) cella, store-room. (Cellar.)

familiaris, of the family. SM^exior, upper part of . (Su-

( Familiar.) perior.)

peciinia, ??2onez/. (Pecuniary.) \l'bextMS,f reed-man. (Liberty.)

utrimque, on hoth sides. iisus, use.

fauces, passages. de-tineo, reserve. (Detain.) peri-stylum, the pekistyle.

96

LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXL

partis interior domus dividebatur ? 4. Quid prima pars appellata est? 5. Ubi erat impluviiim? 6. Quo modo atrium ornabatur ? 7. Ubi erant cubi- cula familiae hospitibusque ? 8. Ubi erat tabli- num? 9, Quid erat tertia pars domus? 10. Quibus superior domus detinebatur.

QUESTioisrs.

276. In what two ways may this thing be translated ? ( JLns. [1] Ea res, [2] id.) Decline together: ea res ; idem consilium ; tu ipse. Inflect divido in all tenses of the Indicative and Im- perative Passive. Translate: relinquemini, relinquitur, relicti sumus, relinquuntur, relicta eram, relinquebaris ; it has been left, I shall he left, you (plural) will have been left, these things were being left, you (singular) are left.

LESSON XXXI.

Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns ; Passive of Fourth Conjugation.

	!77.	qui,	ivho.	ivhich.
		SINGULAR.		PLURAL.
,N.	qui	quae quod		qui quae quae
G.		ciiius		quorum quarum quorum
D.		GUI		quibus
Ac.	quem	quam quod		quos quas quae
Ab.	quo	qua quo		quibus

278. IXTERROGATIYE PRONOUN,

quis, ivho f which f what f

N. quis (qui) quae quid (quod) qui quae quae

G. ciiius quorum quarum quorum

D. GUI quibus

Ac. quem quam quid (quod) quos quas quae

Ab. quo qua quo quibus

RELATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 97

279. INDEFINITE PPvONOUKS.

1. aliquis (-qui), aliqua, aliquid (-quod), some one, any one, some, any.

2. quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), some one, any one, some, amy.

3. quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), certain one, certain.

4. quisque, quaque, quidque (quodque), each one, every.

5. quisquam, , quidquam (no plural)^ ctny one.

a. In the Interrogative and Indefinite pronouns^ the forms quis and quid are generally used as nouns, the forms qui and quod as adjectives, thus: Quis scribit? Who is writing ? Qui puer scribit ? What boy is ivrit- ing ? This is also true of compounds of quis.

h. The compounds are declined like the simple pro- nouns, except that in quidam, m changes to n before d, as : quendam. Aliquis has aliqua in the Feminine Nomi- native Singular, and also in the Neuter Nominative and Accusative Plural.

c. The Indefinite pronoun quis is chiefly used with si, nisi, ne, and num, and then means any one, any.

280. USE OF THE RELATIVE PROXOU^.

1. Tu, qui epistulam scripsisti, poenas solves. You, ■who wrote the letter, shall pay the penalty .

2. Mulier, quam defenderam, mea mater fuit. The ivoman, -whom / had defended, luas my mother.

In the first example, observe that the Eelative pro- noun qui agrees with its antecedent (the word to which it refers) in gender, number, and person. For qui is

98 LATIN REABEB.— LESSON XXXL

Masculine in form, and it is followed by its verb scrip- sisti in the Second person and Singular number.

In like manner, observe that quam in the second ex- ample agrees with mulier in being Feminine Third Singu- lar. But notice that in both examples the case of the pronoun is not determined by the case of its antece- dent, but by its relation to the other words in the clause in which it stands. For qui, as the subject of scripsisti, is in the Nominative case ; while quam, as the object of defenderam, is in the Accusative case.

281. Rule XIX. A Eelative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person ; but its case depends on the construction of the clause in which it stands.

282. FOUKTH CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD. PRESENT. IMPEKFECT.

I am heard. I was heard,

audio-r audi-mur audie-ba-r audie-ba-mur

audi-ris or re audi-mini audie-ba-ris or re audie-ba-mini

audi-tur audiu-ntur audie-ba-tur audie-ba-ntur

FUTUPE. PERFECT.

I shall he heard. I was heard or I have been heard.

audi-a-r audi-e-mur ( sum ,_,. ( sumus

audi-e-ris or re andi-e-mini ^^^^^^^ 3 es ^^^^'^ ^ ] estis

audi-e-tur audi-e-ntur *^'^' '^"^^ ( est ^"^^' '^^ ( sunt

PLUPERFECT.

I had been heard.

( eram

auditus J ^^-g audit!

(-a,-um)1 ^^^ (.ae,-a)

RELATIVE AND INDEFINITE P BO NOUNS. 99

FUTURE PEKFECT.

I shall have been heard.

,-, ( ero ,-,- ( erimus

auditus A auditi )

. -^ eris . ^ < eritis

(-a, -um) ) (-ae, -a) j ^ ' ^ ( erit ( e^^^t

IMPEEATIYE MOOD. PKESEXT. FUTUEE.

audi-re audi-mini audi-tor

audi-tor audiu-ntor OBSIDlS VEIORUM.

283. Post proelium ad lacum Regillum, Romani cum finitimis oppidis multa bella gerebant ; quorum clarissimum est obsidio Veiorum. Id oppidum et natura loci et manu egregie munitum est. Decern annos Romani eius moenia obsidebant, sed frustra. Denique mirum prodigium evenit, quod animos om- nium magnopere perturbavit. Nam aqua in lacu Albano in altitiidinem insolitam crevit, atque finiti- mos agros inundavit. Deinde yates quidam Veiens sic cecinit : " Numquam Romani Veios expugnabunt, priusquam aqua ex lacu Albano emissa erit.'' Le- gati ab Romanis ad oraculum Delphicum missi sunt. Quibus a deo sic responsum est : "• Si aqua ex lacu Albano in mare influet, Veios non occupabitis."

284. 1. The Romans have taken the town, whose walls they have besieged for ten years. 2. If any water is (shall have been) let out of the Alban Lake, Veil will never be captured. 3. Some of the neigh- boring towns are admirably fortified. 4. What god

100 LATIN BEABER,— LESSON XXXL

responded thus to the ambassadors ? 5. Wonderful prodigies had happened, which disturbed the minds of certain Roman seers.

Sight Translation, Obsidio Veiorum. — Concluded,

285. Haud ita multo post ex lacii in agros aqua emissa est. Deinde M. Furius Camillus dictator creatus est atque mox magno cum exercitrL in castra Romanorum venit. Protinus milites ad magnum opus ducti sunt. Nam cunTculus ab castris in arcem hostium inceptus est. Neque nocte neque die opus intermissum est. Denique paene peractum est in templum lunonis, quod in arce Veientana erat. Quo in templo forte rex Veientium hostiam immolabat. CuT hariispex sic dicit : '' Qui eius hostiae exta in aras imponet, ei A^ictoria dabitur." Quam vocem Roman! in cuniculo exaudiunt. Sine mora cunicu- lum adaperiunt, in templum erumpunt, exta rapiunt feruntque ad dictatorem. Mox urbs Romanis militi- bus impletur. Magna est caedes omnibus in locis. Sic Roman! Veios occupaverunt.

ciiniculus, mine. im-mol6, sacrijice, (Immo-

in-cipio, begin, (Inception.) late.)

inter-mitto, interrupt, (In- haruspex, soothsayer^ diviner .

termittent.) exta, entrails,

paene, almost . (Pen-insula.) ara, altar.

per-ago, carry through, ad-aperio, throw open,

luno, Juno, wife and sister of e-rump6, burst out. (Erup-

Jupiter. tion.)

Veientanus, Yeientian, of rapio, seize. (Rapine.)

Veil, fero, bear^ carry.

hostia, victim, im-pleo, Jill, fill up.

BEGULAE COMPARISON. 101

286. 1. Quot annos Roman! Veios obsidebant? 2. Delude quod prodigium evenit? 3. Quid vates quidam Veiens cecinit? 4. Quo Roman! legatos m!serunt? 5. Quid deus legat!s respondit? 6. Quis dictator creatus est? 7. Quod magnum opus dictator incepit ? 8. Ubi erat templum lunonis ? 9. Quis in hoc templo hostiam immolabat ? 10. Quid d!cit hariispex reg! ? 11. Qu! hariispicis vocem exaudiunt ? 12. Quid Roman! nnlites faciunt }

QUESTIOlSrS.

287. Decline qui ; quis. What is the meaning of quidam, quisquam, aliquis, quisque, quis ? Illustrate the use of the two forms found in quis and its compounds. What irregularity- occurs in the declension of quidam ? of aliquis ? How is quis chiefly used ? Illustrate the rule for the use of the Kelative pro- noun. Inflect munio in all tenses of the Indicative and Impera- tive Passive. Translate: audita erant, audior, audimini, audita est, auditor, auditi sumus ; I was heard, you have been heard, be thou heard, we have been heard, he will be heard.

LESSON XXXII.

Regular Comparison ; Declension of Comparatives ; Ablative with Comparatives.

288. Adjectives undergo a change in form in order to express different degrees of quality. Thus in Eng- lish we say : a tall tree, a taller tree, the tallest tree ; i.e., starting with the simple adjective, — which is said to be in the positive degree, — we add -er to form the comparative degree, and -est to form the superlative de- gree^ as :

102 LATIN BEADEB. —LESSON XXXIL

POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE.

tall, taller^ tallest,

Now observe the Latin :

289. REGULAR COMPARISON.

POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE.

latus {stejii lato-), latior, -ius, latissimus, -a, -um,

wide. wider. widest.

fortis {stem forti-), fortior, -ius, fortissimus, -a, -um,

brave. braver. bravest.

audax (stem audac-), audacior, -ius, audacissimus, -a, -um,

bold. bolder. boldest.

sapiens (stem sapient-), sapientior, -ius, sapientissimus, -a, -um,

wise. wiser. wisest.

a. Observe that the comparative is formed by adding -ior, -ius, to the stem of the adjective, and the superla- tive by adding -issimus, -a, -um, dropping the final vowel of the stem, if there is any.

b. Compare gravis, heavy ^ atrox, fierce^ longus, long^ prudens, prudent, felix, happy, altus, high, levis, light.

290. In English, when it would not sound well to compare the adjective by adding -er and -est, we prefix the adverbs move and most, as: beautiful, more beauti- ful, most beautiful. Likewise in Latin some adjectives are compared by prefixing the adverbs magis, more, and maxime, most, as : idoneus, suitable, magis idoneus, more suitable, maxime idoneus, most suitable.

291. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES.

latior, wider, plus, more.

Stem latior». Stem plur-.

REG ULAR COMPARISON.

103

^.	SINGULAK. MASC. and fem. neuter. latior latius latioris latiori latiorem latius latiore or-i	MASC.	and	FEM.	NEUTER. plus
a.		pluris
T).
Ao.		plus
Ab.		plure

PLUKAL.

N. latiores latiora

G. latiorum

D. latioribus

Ac. Iati5res (-is) latiora Ab. latioribus

pltires plura

plurium

pluribus pluris (-es) plura

pluribus

a. Comparatives are declined like latior. Notice how closely the declension of comparatives resembles that of consonant stems, differing in this respect from other adjectives of the Third Declension. See § 219, a.

h. Superlatives are declined like bonus,

c. The comparative may sometimes be translated rather^ as : Durior iiidex erat, He was a rather severe judge.

d. The superlative may sometimes be translated very^ as : Durissimus iudex erat, He was a very severe judge.

292. ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES.

1. Caesar erat fortior quain Cicero, Caesar ivas braver than Cicero.

2. Caesar erat fortior Cicerone, Caesar was braver than Cicero.

104 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXIL

Notice that in the first example^ where quam (than) is used, Cicero is in the same case as Caesar, the word with which it is compared. But in the second example, where quam is omitted, Cicerone is in the Ablative case.

293. Rule XX. The comparative degree is followed by the Ablative when quam is omitted.

Note. — Quam may be omitted only when the first of the com- pared words is either in the Nominative or Accusative case.

THESEUS.

294. Theseus a sua niatre in urbe Troezene educa- tus est. Nam, ubi etiam parvolus erat, eius pater Aegeus, qui imperium Athenarum habuit, uxorem deseruerat et suum regnum repetiverat. Primo The- seus liidicris certaminibus vires auxit. Mox erat validior ceteris iuvenibus eiusdem aetatis. Delude in venatione saltus peragrabat. Semper princeps in periculo erat atque fortissimus armis. Nemo ex om- nibus Argolicis iuvenibus iaculo levibusque sagittis celerior erat. Compliiris feras occidit, sed maxime saevissimam suem, quae agros diii vastabat. lam no- men These! per totam terrain Argolicam clarissimum erat.

295. 1. This young man will be braver than his father. 2. Several very fierce wild beasts had been slain by Theseus. 3. Are not the young man's ar- rows rather light? 4. These young men were most famous throughout the kingdom. 5. Was there any one braver in danger than Theseus ?

REGULAR COMPARISON. 105

Sight Translation, Theseus. — Contijiued.

296. Tandem mater These! eum ad se vocavit, atque patris gladium soleasque ei ostendit. '' Sume, mi fill," inquit ''haec monumenta, et tuum patrem pete, quem ill urbe Athenis reperie.s. Peiiculosa et a latronibus infesta est via. Tamen del te incolumem per omnia perTcula ad tuum patrem ducent." Iiide Theseus maestus matrem suam reliquit, atque mox ad Atti- cain contendebat. Quo in itinere prope Epidaurum obviam venit cuTdam saevissimo latroni, Periphetae nomine, qui ferrea clava viatores occidebat. At The- seus de eius manibus clavam extorsit, et ipsTus telo eum occTdit.

297. 1. Cur Theseus a sua matre educatus est? 2. Quo modo vires auxit? 3. Num quis fuit ex ArgolicTs iuvenibus fortior quam Theseus? 4. Quid in venatione occTdit Theseus ? 5. Quae monumenta pater eius reliquerat? 6. Ubi habitabat pater These! ? 7. Quam ob rem erat via ad Atticam peiiculosa ? 8. Cu! Theseus obviam venit prope Epidaurum? 9. Quo modo Theseus latronem oc- c!dit?

solea, sandal. (Sole.) ob-viam, in the loay (to). (Ob- monumentum, remembrance. vious.)

periculosus, dangerous^ per- Periphetes, a robber.

ILOUS. ferreus, iro7i.

latro, robber. clava, club.

in-festus, made unsafe, in- viator, traveller.

TESTED. ex-torqueo, twist out. (Ex- Attica, a province of Greece. tort.) Epidauru.s, a city of Argolis.

106

LATIN BEABEB.

■LESSON XXXIIL

QUESTIONS.

298. How are adjectives regularly compared in Latin ? De- cline plus. Decline together audacior servus ; fortior femina ; gravius bellum ; saevissimus leo. How may the Comparative sometimes be translated ? The Superlative ? State and illustrate the rule for the Ablative with Comparatives. Translate in two ways : *' Wlio was braver than Caesar ? " When may quam be omitted ?

LESSON XXXIII.

Irregular Comparison ; Ablative of Degree of Difference.

299.

ADJECTIVES IN -ER.

POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE.

miser (stem misero-), miserior, -ius,

wretched. more wretched.

acer {stem aeri-), acrior, -ius,

sharp, sharper.

SUPERLATIVE.

miserrimus, -a, -um,

most wretched. acerrimus, -a, -um, sharpest.

Observe that adjectives in -er form the Superlative by adding -rimus, -a, -um to the Masculine Nominative Sin- gular. Compare celer, swift, pulcher, beautiful, asper, rough

300.

POSITIVE.

facilis, easy. difficilis, difficult. similis, like. dissimilis, unlike. gracilis, slender. luimilis, low.

ADJECTIVES IN -LIS.

COMPARATIVE.

facilior, -ius. difficilior, -ius. similior, -ius. dissimilior, -ius. gracilior, -ius. humilior, -ius.

SUPERLATIVE.

facillimus, -a, -um. difficillimus, -a, -um. simillimus, -a, -um. dissimillimus, -a, -um. gracillimus, -a, -um.. liumillimus, -a, -um.

IBBEGULAli COMPARISON.

107

Observe that these six adjectives in -lis form the su- perlative by adding -limus, -a, -um, to the stem minus the stem voAvel.

301. ADJECTIVES WITH DOUBLE SUPEKLATIVE.

POSITIVE.	COMPARATIVE.	SUPERLATIVE.
exterus,	exterior,	extremus, extimus,
outward.	outer.	outmost.
inferus,	inferior,	infimus, imus,
low.	lower.	lowest.
posterus,	posterior,	postremus, postumus,
following.	later.	last.
superus,	superior,	supremus, summus,
upper.	higher.	top of, highest.

302.

ADJECTIVES WITH NO POSITIVE.

[cis, oitra.	citerior.	citimus,
adv., on this side.]	hither.	hither most.
[in, intra.	interior,	intimus,
prep., in, within.]	inner.	inmost.
[prae, pro.	prior,	primus,
prep., before.]	former.	first.
[prope,	propior,	proximus,
adv., near.]	nearer.	next.
[ultra.	ulterior,	ultimus,
adv., beyond.]	farther.	farthest.

303. ADJECTIVES IRREGULAR THROUGHOUT.

bonus, good. malus, bad. magnus, great. parvus, small. multus, much. multi, many.

melior, better. peior, worse. maior, greater. minor, smaller.

plures, more.

optimus, best. pessimus, worst. maximus, greatest. minimus, smallest.

plus, more. plurimus, most.

plurimi, inost.

108 LATIN READER.— LESSON XXXIIL

304. ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFEREKCE.

1. Arbor sex pedibus altior est quam turris. The

tree-is (by) six feet higher than the toioer.

2. Crassus multd divitior erat Caesare. Crassits was (by) much richer than Caesar.

In the first example, the Ablative sex pedibus exactly expresses the difference between the height of the tree and that of the tower. In the second example, the Ablative multd is an indefinite expression of the differ- ence between the wealth of Crassus and that of Caesar. Such ablatives are called Ablatives of Degree of Dif- ference.

305. Rule XXI. The Ablative is used to express the Degree of Difference.

THESEUS ET LATRONES.

306. Panels post diebus Theseus in extremum perT- culum venit. lam ad Isthmum appropTnquabat. Hic propter angnstias difficillimum erat iter. Utraque ex parte erant riipes altissinme et asperrimae. Mox The- seus ante vastum specum latronem, Sinim nomine, vidit, de quo incolae terrae eum saepe numero prae- monuerant. Hic multo gravior hostis erat quam Periphetes. Hic enim duas proceras piniis ad terram curvabat, ad quas incautos viatores adligabat. De- lude, ubi subito arbores solvit, corpora infelicum hominum divellebantur. Hoc modo iam pliirimos viatores necaverat.

307. 1. You will not see a much more formidable robber than Sinis. 2. Are not the roads to the

IBBEGVLAR COMPARISON. 109

Isthmus very rough and difficult? 3. A few days afterwards, the unfortunate traveller approached the robbers' cave, and was killed. 4. Are these trees taller than the pine ? 6. This road to the caves is much more difficult than that.

Sight Translation. Theseus et Latrones. — Con- tinued.

308. Ubi Sinis procul Thesea vidit, primo iuve- nem inrisit. Interritus autem Theseus in hostem invasit. Acerrima erat piigna. Denique Sinis defes- sus occidit. Tum Theseus ad duas piniis monstrum ipsum adligavit. Mox divolsum est Sinis corpus eodem modo, quo tot viatores ab eo ipso necati erant. Inde Theseus ad urbem Megaram contendit. Quo in itinere angusta semita in altum montem ducebat. A dextra erat abrupta riipes magna altitiidine. Hlc latebat latro, Sciron nomine, qui primum viatores spoliabat ; deinde, dum hi eius pedes lavabant, ipsos praecipites ad imam rupem deiciebat. Infra ingens testiido eorum corpora devorabat.

in-rideo, laugh at. (De-ride.) ab-ruptus, precipitous. (Ab- in-vado, advance upon. (In- rupt.)

vade.) lateo, lurk. (Latent.)

di-fessus, tired out, ex- spolio, ro6. (De-spoil.)

hausted. lavo, wash. (Lave.)

tot, so many. prae-ceps, headlong. (Pre- Megara, a town in Megaris. cipitous.)

angustus, narrow. de-icio, hurl down. (Deject.)

semita, foot-path. infra, below.

altus, high, (Altitude.) testudo, tortoise.

110 LATIN READER. — LESSOJS^ XXXIV.

309. 1. Ubi Theseus in extremum peiiculum venit? 2. Quam ob rem erat iter difficillimum ? 3. Ubi Theseus hatronem vidit? 4. Quo modo Sinis via- tores necabat ? 5. Nonne Theseus latronem timuit ? 6. Quo modo Theseus Sinim necavit ? 7. Ubi late- bat Sciron? 7. Quo modo viatores necabat? 9. Quae eorum corpora devorabat ?

QUESTIONS.

310. Compare in Latin and English : imus, niaior, primus, niultus, miser, summus, citerior, bonus, proximus, similis, minor, extremus, acer, postremus, interior, malus, ulterior, plurimi. What adjectives have -limus in the superlative ? Give an example of your own of the Ablative of Degree of Difference. Give a synopsis, Active and Passive, of duoo.

LESSON XXXIV.

Formation and Comparison of Adverbs ; G-enitive and Ablative of Characteristic. 311.

a. latus {stem lato-), wide, late, widely.

pulcher {stem pulchro-), beautiful. pulchre, beautifully.

Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of the Second Declension by changing the final -o of the stem to -e.

6. gravis {stem gravi-), heavy. graviter, heavily.

acer {stem acri-), sharp. acriter, sharply.

priidens {stem prudent-), prudent, prudenter, prudently.

Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of the Third Declension by adding -ter to the stem. Stems in -nt drop -t before adding -ter.

FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. Ill

c. (1). multus, much. (2). facilis, easy. (3). subitus, sudden.

multum, much. facile, easily. subito, suddenly.

The i^euter Accusative Singular of the adjective is sometimes used as an adverb^ as in examples (1) and (2). Likewise the Ablative^ as in example (3).

312. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.

POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE.

late, widely. latius, more loidely.

graviter, heavily. gravius, more heav- ily.

SUPEPvLATIVE.

latissime, most

widely. gravissime, most

heavily.

j^otice that the comparative of the adverb is the same as the Neuter comparative of the adjective. The super- lative of the adverb is formed from the superlative of the adjective by changing the final -o of the stem to -e. If the adjective is irregular, the adverb will show the same irregularities. Learn the following :

313.

COMPARISON OF IRREGULAR ADVERBS.

bene, well. male, ill. multum, much.

parum, not enough.

melius, better. peius, worse. plus, more. magis, more. minus, less.

optime, best. pessime, worst. plurimum, most. maxime, most. minime, least.

314.

GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC.

1. Vir magna e virtutis. A man of great valor.

2. Vir fuit humili statura. He ivas a man of short stature.

Observe that^ in the first example, virtutis is in the Genitive, and that, in connection with the adjective

112 LATIN READER. —LESSON XXXIV.

magnae, it expresses a characteristic or quality of the man. But notice that^ in the second example, 2^ jphysi- cal characteristic or quality is expressed by staturE, with an accompanying adjective, in the Ablative case. Physi- cal characteristics are always thus expressed by the Ablative. Other qualities by either the Genitive or Ablative.

315. Rule XXII. The Genitive and Ablative are used, with a modifying adjective, to denote a charac- teristic or quality.

THESEUS ET LATKONES.

316. Sciron erat ingenti magnitudine corporis atque terribili aspectii. In quern tamen Theseus cum ferro audacissime invasit. Diu atque acriter pugnatum est. Denique Sciron supplex misericor- diam implorat. Sed Theseus latronem ad imam rupem demittit eodem modo, quo ille multos yiatores tam crudeliter necaverat. Qua ex re nomen Sci- ronis erat scopulTs.

Hand ita multo post Theseus in Atticam pervenit, atque ibi Cercyonem luctamiiie vicit necavitque. Sic Theseus perditis hominibus latronibusque omnis generis liberabat omnis terras, per quas in itinere contendebat.

317. 1. The travellers had been hurled down to the bottom of the cliffs. 2. Sciron killed travellers much more cruelly than Cercyon. 8. Theseus used to attack robbers of every kind most fiercely.

FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 113

4. Are not robbers men of frightful appearance?

5. The land, through which Theseus is hastening, will be freed from many desperate robbers.

Si^ht Translation. Theseus et Latrones. — Concluded.

318. lam Theseus ad ipsam urbem Athenas appro- pinquabat, ubi in ripa Cephisi in magnum perTculum capitis venit. Hic enim Procrustes habitabat, qui in suam regiam turrim incautos viatores diicebat, atque eos primo magnifice accipiebat. Ubi autem nox ve- nit, in mirum lectum infelicem hospitem imponebat. Turn, SI hospes longior erat quam lectus, illius mem- bra satis praecidebat. Si viator brevior erat lecto, tum Procrustes eius corpus in longitiidinem lectT dis- tendebat. Hoc modo multos annos viatores necaverat. Sed Theseus victor latronem in ipsius lectum impo- suit, atque eius caput praecidit. BrevT postea The- seus incolumis ad portam Athenarum pervenit.

319. 1. Num ScTron erat vir humili statura? 2. Quo modo Theseus Scironem necavit? 3. Quern deinde Theseus in Attica necavit ? 4. Ubi in mag- num periculum capitis venit ? 5. Quo modo Pro- crustes primo incautum viatorem accipiebat? 6. Ubi nox venit, quid faciebat Procrustes ? 7. Neca-

rlpB., hank. satis, sufficiently. (Satisfy.)

Cephisus, a river near Athens, longitude, length. (Longi- regius, royal. (Regal.) tude.)

lectus, bed. dis-tendo, stretch., distend. membrum, limb., member.

114

LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXV,

vitne Theseus Procrusten ? incolumis pervenit?

8. Ubi brevi postea

QUESTionsrs.

320. How are adverbs formed from adjectives of the Second Declension ? Of the Third Declension ? What cases of adjec- tives are sometimes used as adverbs ? How are adverbs com- pared ? Form and compare adverbs from the following adjectives: acer, facilis, nialus, latus, multus, gravis, parvus, pulcher, bonus, prudens. Explain the use of the Genitive and Ablative of Characteristic. Decline is. Give a synopsis of moveo.

LESSON XXXV.

Numerals ; Partitive G-enitive ; Nine Irregular Adjectives.

321

•	CARDINALS.	ORDINALS.
1.	unus, una, tinum, one.	primus, first.
2.	duo, duae, duo, tioo.	secundus, second.
3.	tres, tria, three.	tertius, third.
4.	quattuor	quartus
5.	quinque	quintus
6.	sex	sextus
7.	septem	Septimus
8.	octo	octavus
9.	novem	nonus
10.	decern	decimus
11.	undecim	undecimus
12.	duodecim	duodecimus
13.	tredecim	tertius decimus
14.	quattuordeoim	quartus decimus
15.	quindecim	quintus decimus
16.	sedecim	sextus decimus
17.	septendecim	Septimus decimus
18.	duodeviginti	duodevlcesimus

19.	NUMER. undeviginti	ALS. Hi undevicesimus
20.	viginti	vicesimus
21.	viginti unus or	vicesimus primus or
	unus et viginti	unus et vicesimus
28.	duodetriginta	duodetricesimus
29.	undetriginta	undetricesimus
30.	triginta	tricesimus
40.	quadraginta	quadragesimus
50.	quinquaginta	quinquagesimus
60.	sexaginta	sexagesimus
70.	septuaginta	septuagesimus
80.	octoginta	octogesimus
90.	nonaginta	nonagesimus
100.	centum	centesimus
101.	centum unus or	centesimus primus or
	centum et unus	unus et centesimus
200.	ducenti, -ae, -a	ducentesimus
300.	trecenti, -ae, -a	trecentesimus
400.	quadringenti, -ae, -a	quadringentesimus
500.	qumgenti, -ae, -a	quingentesimus
600.	sescenti, -ae, -a	sescentesimus
700.	septingenti, -ae, -a	septingentesimus
800.	octingenti, -ae, -a	octingentesimus
900.	nongenti, -ae, -a	nongentesimus
1,000.	mille	millesimus
2,000.	duo milia	bis millesimus
100,000.	centum milia	centies millesimus
,000,000.	decies centena milia	decies centies millesimus

a. The cardinals from quattuor to centum are inde- clinable. The hundreds are declined like the plural of bonus. The ordinals are declined throughout like bonus.

22.		duo, two.		tres, three.
	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	M. and F. N.
N.	duo	duae	duo	tres tria
G.	duorum	duarum	duorum	trium
D.	duobus	duabus	duobus	tribus
Ac.	duos, duo	duas	duo	tris (tres) tria
Ab.	duobus	duabus	duobus	tribus

116

LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXV.

a. In the Singular, mille is generally an adjective ; but the Plural milia is a Neuter noun, and is followed by the Partitive Genitive, as : mille homines, a thousand Tnen, but duo milia hominum, two thousand men (lit. two thousand of men).

NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.

323. The following nine adjectives end in -ius in the Genitive Singular and in -i in the Dative in all genders. They are regular in the Plural.

alius, another.	unus, one.		alter, the other.
solus, alone.		iillus, any.		uter, which	(of two).
totus, whole.		niillus, none.		neuter, neither.
a. Alius	and unus are thus declined in the Singular.
MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.	MASC.	FEM.	NEUT.
K alius	alia	aliud	unus	iina	unum
G.	alius			unius	*
D.	alii			uni
Ac. alium	aliam	aliud	unum	unam	unum
Ab. alio	alia	alio	uno	una	uno

Note. — Alius is the only one of these adjectives that ends in -ud in the Keuter.

324. PARTITIVE GENITIVE.

Tres militum. Three of the soldiers.

a. Observe that militum is in the Genitive, and de- notes the entire number of which d. ^art is taken. It is called the Partitive Genitive.

325. Rule XXIII. The G-enitive is used to denote the whole of which a part is taken.

NUMERALS. 117

SUPELIiEX DOMUS ROMANAE.

326. Et in atrio domus Romanae et in peristyle, de quibus supra scripsimus, exigua erat supellex. In tiiclinio autem semper erat mensa, ant quadra ant orbis. Harum mensarum mnltae erant pulcherrimae et magni pretT. PlTnius maior de dnabus mensis scripsit, quarum alter! pretinm fnit decies centena milia sestertiiim, alter! paulo minus. Conv!vae cir- cum mensam in sell!s non cons!debant. Sed ex tri- bus mensae lateribus erant lecti, in quibus novem conv!vae accumbebant, ties in quoque lecto. L!gnea aut aenea erat sponda lect! in quam torus et cerv!cal et vestes stragulae impositae sunt.

327. Six guests are reclining on two of the couches. 2. Is not the furniture in the dining-room very ex- pensive ? 3. He is writing of two chairs, of which the price of one is five hundred sesterces, of the other, seven hundred and fifty. 4. (There) were twelve chairs in each dining-room. 5. The price of this table is one hundred thousand sesterces.

Sight Translation, Supellex Domus Eomanae. — Concluded,

328. Lectus cubicularis erat altior quam lectus tricHniaris et scamno ascendebatur.

Varia erant genera sellarum in domibus Roman!s ; sed cathedra, in qua feminae plerumque sedebant, erat simillima nostris sell!s. Omnium sellarum !n- signissima erat eburnea sella curulis curv!s pedibus, in qua quidam magistratus sol! sedebant.

118 LATIN BEADEB,— LESSON XXXV.

Pulcherrimae erant lucernae Romanorum, quarum multa exempla adhiic exstant. Aliae fictiles, aliae erant aeneae, sed omnes summa arte perfectae. Lu- cernae, aut in mensas aut in alta candelabra impo- nebantur, aut etiam laquearibus dependebant. Non autem claram liicem praebebant.

329. 1. Eratne multa supellex in atrio domus Romanae ? 2. Qualis mensa erat in triclinio ? 3. Quae erant ex tribus mensae lateribus? 4. Quot conyivae in quoque lecto accumbebant? 6. Erantne lecti Romanorum similes nostris lectis ? 6. Qualis erat lectus cubicularis ? 7. Quid erat nomen sel- lae, in qua feminae sedebant ? 8. Qualis erat sella curiilis ? 9. Quales lucernae erant Romanis? 10. Ubi imponebantur? 11. Nonne claram lucem prae- bebant?

QUESTIONS.

330. Count from 1-100 in Latin. Give the Latin for the following: 463, 58, 3,723, 938,365. Give the hundreds and the thousands in Latin. Give the Latin ordinals from 1-20. De- cline unus, duo, tres. Mention the nine irregular adjectives. In what does their irregularity consist ? Decline alius. Which

cubicularis, of a bedroom. lucerna, lamp.

tricliniaris, of a dining-room, ex-sto, exists he extant.

scamnuni, stool^ step. fictilis, of clay^ pottery.

varius, various. Y>ex-iect\xs, finished^ perfect.

cathedra, an arm-c/iair. (Ca- ars, art, ,sA:i^^.

thedral.) candelabrum, a lamp stand. insignis, remarkable. (Candelabrum.)

eburneus, of ivory. laquearia, a panelled ceiling.

curulis, cuRTJLE. de-pendeo, hang down. (De- pend.)

INFINiriVES.

119

of the cardinals are indeclinable ? How are the ordinals de- clined ? What of mille in the Singular, and in the Plural ? Give an example of the Partitive Genitive, the Ablative of Com- parison, and the Ablative of Degree of Difference.

LESSON XXXVI.

Infinitives ; Complementary Infinitive ; Expres- sions of Place.

331. Tlie Infinitive mood lias neither person nor num- ber^ and lias but three tenses, the Present, Perfect, and Future. The sign of the Infinitive in English is to.

332.

ACTIVE INFINITIVES.

		VEEB SUM.
	PEES.	es-se, to be.
	PEEF.	fu-isse, to have been.
	FUT.	fut-urus, -a, -um ^ esse (or fore) 1'^«^««^^«* *'''-'«•
		COXJ. I.
	PEES.	ama-re, to love.
	PEEF.	amav-isse, to have loved.
	FTJT.	amat-urus, ^ -a, -um esse | ' ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^
	COX J. II.	COXJ. III.	CON J. IV.
PEES.	mone-re	rege-re.	audi-re.
PEKF.	monu-isse. rex-isse.	audiv-isse.
FUT.	monit-urus, rect-urus,	audit-urus,
	-a, -um esse. -a, -um esse.	-a, -um esse.

Observe :

a. That in the Active voice the Present Infinitive is formed by adding -re to the Present stem. (N"ote the irregularity in the verb sum.)

120 LATIN REABEB. — LESSON XXXYL

h. That the Perfect is formed by adding -isse to the Perfect stem.

c. That the Piiture is formed by adding -urus, -a, -um esse to the Participial stem.

333. COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE.

Cupit die ere, He desires to S2:>eak,

Notice that the Infinitive die ere comjdetes the mean- ing of cupit. Hence it is called the Complementary Infinitive,

334. PLACE WHERE. LOCATIVE CASE.

In oppido. Li the town. Romae. ^l^ Borne.

In Italia. Li Italy. Athenis. At Athens.

In Africa. In Africa. Curibus. At Cures.

Observe that oppido, Italia, and Africa are in the Ab- lative with the preposition in, and that they denote the 2)lace ivhere. But notice that the names of toicns denot- ing ^Zace where omit the preposition, and are put in the Locative Case. This in the Singular of nouns of the Pirst and Second Declension is like the Genitive ; else- where, it is like the Ablative. Account for the form of Romae, Athenis, and Curibus.

335. Rule XXIV. Place ivhere is expressed by the Ablative with the preposition in. I^ames of towns are put in the Locative.

336. PLACE TO WHICH.

In Italiam. To Italy. Romam. To Borne.

Ad flumen. To the river, Delphos. To Delphi,

INFINITIVES. 121

337. Rule XXV. Place to luhich is expressed by the Accusative with ad or in. Names of towns omit the preposition.

338. PLACE FROM WHICH.

Ex oppido. From the town, Roma. From Bome. Ab Italia. From Italy, Corintho. From Corinth,

339. Rule XXVI. Flace from tuhich is expressed by the Ablative with ab or ex. Names of towns omit the preposition.

Note. — Names of small islands, domus, home^ and rus, coun- try^ are used like names of towns, as : Cypri est, He is at Cyprus; Mox domumveniet, He will soon come home; Rus ibo, I shall go into the country.

THESEUS ET AEGEUS.

340. Interea rex Aegeus veneficam Medeam, quae Athenas niiper venerat, in matrimonium diixerat. Ex ea autem niillos liberos habuit. Quam ob rem viginti filii Pallantis, fratris Aegei, regnum sibi occupare constituerunt. His hominibus ea coniiiratio prospere evenit. Nam regem cum Medea in regiam se recipere cogunt, atque ipsi cTvitatem regunt. Athenis in hoc statii erant res, ubi Theseus in urbem venit. Sine mora iuvenis ad Aegei regiam contendit, atque tandem aditum ad patrem habuit. Sed Aegeus hunc iuvenem, qui Troezene venerat, non agnovit. Quin etiam eum pro hoste habuit, atque consilio uxoris ei vinum dedit, quo Medea venenum miscuerat.

122 LATIN BEABJEB. —LESSON XXXVL

341. 1. The king's palace Avas at Athens. 2. Was Aegeus compelled to marry a sorceress ? 3. Affairs were in this condition at Troezen when he determined to seize the kingdom. 4. Theseus hastened from Troezen to Athens. 5. The king Avill compel Medea to mix the poison with the wine.

Sight Translation. Theseus et Aegeus. — Conclndecl.

342. Theseus poculum dextra siimpserat, ubi pater in eburneo capulo gladi agnovit signa suT geneiis, atque poculum ab ore excussit. Inde Medea per sua carmina effiigit. At Aegeus ingenti gaudio comple- batur, quod suus filius incolumis erat, atque eum in regiam laetissimus accepit. Postquam Theseus de omnibus periculis itineris narravit, et pater et filius dels immortalibus gratias agunt, et aras doiiis cumu- lant. Interea yiginti f ilii Pallantis de adventu The- se! audiverant, atque piignare parabant. Acerrime Tlieseus impetum in eos fecit, ciinctosque ex urbe expulit. Brevi postea Aegeus palam Thesea suum f ilium agnovit. Quam ob rem magna laetitia erat per totam urbem.

343. 1. Quam Aegeus Athenis in matrimonium diixit ? 2. Qui regnum sibi occupare constituerunt ?

poculum, cup. gratia, thanks. (Grace.)

capulus, hilt. cumulo, load. (Ac-cumulate.)

ex-cutio, strike away, ad-ventus, arrwal. (Advent.)

gaudium, jo?/. cunctus, all.

coxn.--p\eo, fill. (Complete.) ex-pello, drive out, expel.

quod, because. palam, openly.

laetus, glad. laetitia, gladness.

PASSIVE INFINITIVES. 123

3. Quid regem facere coegerunt? 4. Ubi Theseus Athenas venit, quo piimum contendit? 6. Nonne Aegeus suum filium agiiovit? 6. Quid ei dedit? 7. Quid accidit? 8. Quid deinde fecit Medea? 9. Quo modo rex Thesea accepit? 10. Num filii Pallantis laeti eraiit, ubi de adventu These! audive- runt ? 11. VTcitne Theseus eos ? 12. Ciir brevi postea magna erat laetitia Athenis ?

QUESTIONS.

344. How does the Infinitive differ from other moods ? How are the tenses of the Active Infinitive formed in Latin ? Give the Active Infinitives, Latin and English, of paro, doceo, scribo, munio. Give the Infinitives of sum. What is meant by the Complementary Infinitive ? State the rules for 2^lace lohere^ place to which, and j^^ccce from which. What is the Locative ease? Translate: At Delphi; from Rome to Corinth ; at home ; from Greece to Cyprus; we were hastening into the country. Compare the following : summus, melior, imus, multus, prox- imus, similis, miser, primus.

LESSON XXXVII.

Passive Infinitives ; Infinitive as a Noun ; Simple

Indirect Discourse ; Dative with Special

Verbs ; Ablative of Specification.

345. coNj. I.

Pres. ama-ri, to be loved.

Perf. amat-us, -a, -um esse, to have been loved,

FuT. amat-um iri, to be about to be loved.

124 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVII.

CONJ. II. CONJ. III. CONJ. IV.

Pres. mone-ri. reg-i. aud-iri.

Perf. monit-us, rect-us, audit-us,

-a, -um esse. -a, -um esse. -a, -um esse.

FuT. monit-um iri. rect-uni iri. audit-um iri.

In the Passive voice :

a. The Present Infinitive is formed by adding -ri to the Present stem. But notice that in the Third Conju- gation -1 (not -ri) is added to the stem minus the final vowel.

h. The Perfect is formed by adding -us, -a, -um esse to the Participial stem.

c. The Future is formed by adding -um Iri to the Participial stem.

346. INFINITIVE USED AS A NOUN.

1. Videre est credere. To see is to believe.

2. Pueri nare discunt. Boys learn to swim.

Observe that the Infinitive may be used as a noun. Thus in example (1) videre is the subject of est, while credere is a Predicate Nominative. In example (2) nare is the object of discunt.

347. SIMPLE INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

In English^ verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving are sometimes followed by an Infinitive with its subject in the Accusative, as : We supposed him to be a friend. He found it to be impossible.

passiv:e infinitives. 125

Compare the following :

Direct. Urbs incolumis est. The city is safe.

Indirect. Putamus urbein incolumem esse. We think that the city is safe (lit. the city to be safe).

Direct. Hostes discesserunt. The enemy have departed.

Indirect. Cognoverunt hostis discessisse. They ascer- tained that the enemy had departed (lit. the enemy to have departed).

Direct. Veniam. I shall com.e.

Indirect. Dicit se venturum esse. He says that he will come (lit. himself to be about to come).

a. Observe that where a Direct statement is made to depend upon a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving, it becomes Indirect^ the verb in Latin being put in the Infinitive with its subject in the Accusative.

b. Observe that, in English, the Indirect statement is generally introduced by the conjunction that, and that the verb is in the Indicative Mood.

348. Rule XXVII. Verbs of saying^ knowing, think- ing, and 2^e7'ceiving are followed by the Infinitive with its subject in the Accusative.

349. Examine the following :

__ ., ( venire. ^ si . .i ( «^'^ coming.

Dicit \ - . Se says that the \ ,

_,. _ < venisse. ,.,. < have come.

milites / ^- - soldiers f

V ventures esse. ^ will come.

■r^- .^ /venire. ^ ., ,, , ,, /- -were coming.

Dixit S - . He said that the \ , ,

_,. _ < venisse. ,,. <ha.a come.

milites / .- - soldiers /

V ventures esse. ^ "would come.

Observe that the tense changes in the English, when the verb of saying, etc., is in a ^^asz^ tense, while the tense of the Latin Infinitive remains the same.

126 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVIL

The tense of the Infinitive depends on the time of the principal verb. If the Infinitive denotes :

a. The same time as the principal verb, it will be in the Present.

b. Time before that of the principal verb, it will be in the Perfect.

c. Time after that of the principal verb, it will be in the Puture.

350. DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS.

Servo parcit. He spares the slave. Legibus non parent. Theij do not obey the laws, IsTotice that servo and legibus, apparently the objects of parcit and parent, are in the Dative case, and not in the Accusative, as we should expect them to be.

Of the verbs thus followed by the Dative, the most

common are :

Parco, pareo, placeo, Faveo, noceo, servio, Invideo, nubo, ignosco, Resisto, persuadeo, Maledico, indulgeo.

351. Rule XXVIII. Many verbs meaning to favor^ help, please, trust, and their opposites ; also to believe, persuade, comviand, obey, serve, resist, envij, threaten, pardon, spare, and the like, are followed by the Dative.

352. ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATIOX.

Virtute praecedunt. They excel in courage.

Virtute is in the Ablative, and sj^ecifies what they excel in. Hence it is called the Ablative of Specifi- cation.

PASSIVE INFINITIVES. 121

353. Rule XXIX. The Ablative of Specification is used to denote tliat in respect to luhich anything is or is done.

DAEDALUS.

354. Daedalus, natii Atbeniensis, vir summo in- genio, multas utilis artis invenit. Sed Perdix, eius sororis filius, qui a Daedalo docebatur, etiam puer, celeriter praeceptori antecellit. Cui Daedalus invi- det et denique eum ex alta riipe praecipitem demittit. Deinde puerum deciclisse niintiat. Cui autem Atbe- nienses non crediderunt. Quam ob rem Daedalus cum filio Icaro ad Minoem, regem Cretae, effugit. El Daedalus dixit se AthenTs iniuste expulsum esse ; se autem paratum esse regi multis rebus servire. Nee difficile erat id regi persuadere. Nam dirum monstrum, nomine Minotaurus, niiper in Greta appa- ruerat, cui corpus hominis erat, sed caput tauri.

355. 1. They say that an Athenian, Daedalus by name, envied his sister's son. 2. The boys declared that Perdix had been hurled from a very high cliff.

3. It is very difficult to believe this man in all things.

4. I say that Perdix excels his instructors in genius.

5. The Athenians said that Minos would expel Dae- dalus from Crete.

Sight Translation. Daedalus. — Concluded.

356. Itaque Minos Daeclalum benigne accepit, atque eum iussit in potestatem suam monstrum redi- gere. Inde Daedalus miiabilem labyrinthum aedi- ficavit, qui mille vias et innumerabilis ambages

128 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVIL

habuisse dicitur. Hlc Minotaurum clausit. Tamen necesse erat inonstro corpora hominum ad cibum praebere. Panels post aniiTs Daedalus nuntiat se Athenas rediturum esse. Id autem a rege non con- ceditur. Inde ille iiovam viam fugae reperit. Nam pennas avium in ordine ponit, quas lino et cera in formam alarum adligat. Has ignotas alas umeiis suis et fill accommodat. Inde iter peiiculosum in- ceperunt. Sed Icarus iiissis patris non paret et celsior volat. Mox sol cerarn pennarum mollit, et Icarus in mare decidit quod nomen ab illo traxit. Daedalus autem incolumis in Siciliam pervenit et multis rebus regi Siciliae serviebat.

357. 1. Quis erat Daedalus? 2. Ciir Daedalus Perdici invidet? 8. Quid Perdici accidit? 4. Ad quem Daedalus effugit ? 6. Quid Minoi dixit ? 6. Ciir non difficile erat id regi persuadere ? 7. In quo Daedalus monstrum clausit? 8. Quid erat cibus monstii? 9. Quam viam fugae a Creta Dae- dalus reperit? 10. Quid accidit Icaio? 11. Num Daedalus in mare decidit? 12. Cui regi postea serviebat ?

iubeo, order. penna, feather. (Pen.)

potestas, power. linum, thread. (Linen.)

red-igo, reduce. cera, wax.

mirabUis, ivonderfuL forma, foem.

ambages, windings. (Am- umerus, shoulder.

biguous.) ac-commodo, fit to. (Ac- claudo, shut up, m-CLOSE. commodate.)

red-eo, return. celsus, high. (Ex-celsior.)

con-cedo, permit, CONCEDE. mollio, soften. (Molli-fy.)

PABTICIPLES ; ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 129

QUESTIO]SrS.

358. How are the tenses of tlie Passive Infinitive formed ? Give the Passive Infinitives, Latin and English, of nuntio, video, mitto, venio. Illustrate the use of the Infinitive as a noun. What is the difference between Direct and Indirect Discourse ? In what case is the subject of the Infinitive put ? On what does the tense of the Infinitive depend ? When will it be Present ? Perfect ? Future ? Mention the most common of the special verbs which are followed by the Dative. State the rule for Dative with special verbs. Distinguish between the Ablative of Specifi- cation and Ablative of Characteristic, giving an example of each. Compare the Adverbs formed from multus, parvus, acer, gravis, facilis.

LESSON XXXVIII. Participles ; Ablative Absolute.

359. A Participle is a Verbal Adjective ; as a verb it may be followed by an object ; as an adjective it must agree with its noun in gender, number, and case.

360. In Latin there are two participles in each voice, as follows :

ACTIVE PARTICIPLES.

NAME. ENDING. MEANING.

Present. -ns, gen. -ntis. -ing.

Future. -iirus, -a, -um. about to.

PASSIVE PARTICIPLES.

Perfect. -us, -a, -uni. having been.

Geruis^dive. -ndus, -a, -um. necessary to 6e,

or 'ing.

130

LATIN READER.

■LESSON XXXVIIL

CONJ. I.

Pres. ania-ns, loving.

FuT. amat-urus, } . . . j

V about to love. -a, -um, J

Perf. amat-us, -a, -um,

G'v'e. ama-ndus, ) necessary to be loved, -a, -um, ) or loving.

having been loved.

	COXJ. II.	CONJ. III.	CONJ. IV.
Pres.	mone-ns.	rege-ns.	audie-ns.
Put.	monit-urus,	rect-urus,	audit-urus.
	-a, -um.	-a, -um.	-a, -um.
Perf.	monit-us,	rect-us,	andlt-us,
	-a, -um.	-a, -um.	-a, -um.
G'v'e.	mone-ndus.	rege-ndus,	audie-ndus
	-a, -um.	-a, -um.	-a, -um.

a. Observe that the Present participle and the Gerun- dive are formed by adding the endings to the Present stem, while t-he Puture and the Perfect have the Parti- cipial stem.

b. Notice that -e is added to the Present stem in the Pourth Conjugation.

c. Porm the participles, both Latin and English, of porto, doceo, scribo, munio.

361.

ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.

1. Bello confecto, in Italiam con- ^ tendit.

[The war having been Jin-'\ ished^

Since the war was fin- ished,

When the war was fin- ished,

Having finished the war,

he hastened into Italy.

PARTICIPLES ; ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 131

2. Signo dato, mi- lites impetum fe- cerunt.

3. Eorum vicls in- censis, Caesar exercitum re- duxit.

'The signal having been^

given, When the signal ivas

given, ^ At the signal,

Their villages having been" bvrned,

When he had burned their villages,

After burning their vil- lages.

Having burned their vil- lages,

the soldiers charged.

Caesar led back his army.

4. A castris, te insciente» discessit.

j You not knowing, j he departed

1 Without your knoioledge, j from camp.

^ , f Caesar (being) our

CaesBredace, ( ^

nihil timemus. ^rr.

Vento secundo, classis re dibit.

th Caesar as leader,

'The wind (being) favora-^ ble,

When the wind is favora- ble.

If the wind is favorable,

we fear nothing.

the fleet will return.

a, Notice that in the first three examples, there is a noun (in the fourth, a pronoun) in the Ablative^ and a participle agreeing with it, and that they define the time or circumstances of the action expressed in the main clause of the sentence. Notice also that they are independent of the rest of the sentence. Hence this construction is called the Ablative Absolute.

Rule XXX. A noun or pronoun, with a participle, may be put in the Ablative to define the time or circuTnr stances of an action.

132 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XXXVIIL

b. Observe that in the 5th example a noun, and in the 6th an adjective, is used instead of the participle. In both cases, '^ being ^^ is supplied in English.

c. Observe that the literal translation of the Ablative Absolute is apt to be awkward. A smoother translation is obtained by using the Active participle with a direct object, or a clause introduced by a suitable conjunction.

d. In translating English into Latin, do not imagine that all participles will have the Ablative Absolute con- struction. For example, if a participle belongs to the subject of a verb in the Indicative mood, it will, of course, be in the IS^ominative case, as : Caesar, influenced by their entreaties, undertook the war, Caesar, eorum precibus adductus, bellum suscepit.

362. USE OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

In Latin, the Present participle can only be used when it denotes the same time as the principal verb, as : Vidi eum ridentem. I saw him laughing. When, there- fore, the Present participle is used loosely in English to denote time before that of the principal verb, an Abla- tive Absolute or a clause must be substituted, as :

Ascertaining these facts, they departed. His rebus cdgnitis, discesserunt.

THESEUS ET MINOTAUIIUS.

363. Olim, regnante Aegeo, Androgeus Minois fi- lius Athenas venit, atque liidorum, qui ibi quotannis celebrabantur, victor appellatus est. Hand ita multo post, casii nescio quo necatus est. Quam ob rem Minos incensus Ira bellum cum Atheniensibus gessit.

PARTICIPLES ; ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 133

Quibus Yictis terribile tributum imposuit. Eos enim quotaniiTs septem iuvenis septemqiie virgines ad ci- bum Minotauro mittere iussit. Ea re cognita, The- seus ad Cretam navigare et cum monstro pugnare constituit. Nee lacrimis patris nee preeibus populi motus est. Denique sortes ducuntur et omnia pa- rata sunt. Infelices iuvenes cum Theseo navem atris veils aptatam, sTgnum luctiis, conscendunt. Quam navem Tiieseus patrT promittit albis veils aptatam, sTgnum victoriae, Atiienas redituram esse.

364. 1. In tlie reign of Minos Idng of Crete, An- drogens, liis son, was murdered at Atliens. 2. Wlien everything was ready, Ave embarl^ed on a ship with black sails. 3. Tlieseus said that he would kill the Minotaur and return to Athens a victor. 4. After the lots had been drawn, seven unfortunate youths were ordered to sail to Crete. 5. On ascer- taining these facts, Minos determined to wage war with Aegeus.

Sight Translation. Theseus et Minotaurus. — Concluded.

365. Mox nautae navem solvunt, et altum mare petunt. Paucis post diebus navis ad Cretam ap- pulsa est. CaptivT expositi ad regem diicuntur. Tum primum Ariadne, pulclira filia Minois, Thesea videt. Statim admiratione et misericordia mota nobilem iuvenem servare constituit. Itaque virgo, captivis in carcerem ductis, custodes auro corrumpit, ac ipsa Tlie- sei gladium et filum dat. Vesper! custodes Thesea

134 LATIN BEADEB. — LESSON XXXVIIL

in labyrintlium clucunt. Prope introitum autem iu- venis custodibus inscientibus filum adnectit. Subito terribilem mugitum exaudiunt. Inde cnstodes ex labyriiitho discedunt et Theseus solus relinquitur. Mox Minotaurum videt. Turn acerrima erat pugna. Nam Miiiotauro erant et vires tauii et dolus celeri- tasque hominis. Denique volneribus confectum mon- strum cadit.

366. 1. Cur Minos bellum cum Atheniensibus gessit? 2. Quod tenibile tributum Atheniensibus victis imposuit ? 3. Quale monstrum erat Mino- taurus? 4. Quis cum Minotauro piignare consti- tuit? 5. Qualem navem infelices iuvenes conscen- dunt? 6. Quid Theseus patri promittit ? 7. Ubi primum Ariadne Thesea vTdit? 8. Quid fecit virgo? 9. Quando Theseus in labyrintlium ductus est? 10. Quid prope introitum fecit? 11. Ciir acerrima erat prigna cum Minotauro? 12. Quis vTcit ?

QUESTIO]SrS.

367. What is a participle ? Give the names, endings, and meanings of the four participles. Which are formed from the Present stem ? From what stem are the others formed ? Form the participles of duco, moveo, custodio, laudo. What is an Ablative Absolute ? What may be used instead of the participle ? Is there an Ablative Absolute in the sentence: The Gauls having been conquered sent hostages to Caesar f Why ? Where only may the Present participle be used in Latin ? Rule for place where. Give the Infinitives, Active and Passive, of pono.

ap-pello, land. filum, thread.

ex-pono, disembark. introitum, entrance,

ad-m.iratio, admiration. ad-necto, fasten.

moveo, MOVE. mugitus, bellowing.

career, prison. (In-carcerate.) dolus, cunning.

GERUND; GEBUNBIVE,

135

LESSON XXXIX.

Gerund ; Gerundive ; Supine ; Ablative of Time.

368.
CONJ. I.	CONJ. II.	CONJ. III.	CONJ. IV.
G. amandi, of loving.	monendi	regendi	audiendi
D. amando, /or loving.	monendo	regendo	audiendo
Ac. amanduni, loving.	monendum	regendum	audiendnm
Ab. amando, by loving.	monendo	regendo	audiendo

a. The Gerund is a verbal noun of the Second De- clension ; it lacks the Kominative case, which is sup- plied by the Infinitive. Following are examples of its use.

369.

G. His potestatem discedendi fecit. He gave these the opportunity of departing.

D. Aqua utilis est bibendo. Water is useful for drink- ing.

Ac. Naves erant inutiles ad navigandum. The ships were useless for sailing.

Ab. Milites in metendo occupati sunt. The soldiers were occupied in reaping.

a. Observe that the gerund is governed precisely like any other noun. As it has the force of a verb, it mai/ take an object in the proper case. But, as a general rule, instead of the gerund with a direct object the gerundive is used. The gerundive then agrees with its noun, which is jout in the case in which the gerund would have been. The following examples illustrate the. use of the gerundive instead of the gerund.

136

LATIN REABEB, — LESSON XXXIX,

370.

G. Consilium ceperunt

D. Vix erat tempus

Ac. In Italiam contendit

Ab. Mobiles sunt

I legionem oppriniendi. ' legionis opprimendae.

They formed the plan of crushing the legion.

I res conlooando.

' rebus conlocandis.

There was scarcely time for arranging matters.

ad agendum con- ventus.

adc on ventus agendo s,

j in capiendo consilia. I in consiliis capiendls.

I He hastened into Italy for the purpose of holding (to hold) courts.

They are changea- ble in forming plans.

a. ISTotice that the Accusative of the gerundive with ad is used to express pmyose.

37	1.	SUPINE.
	CONJ. I.	CONJ. II.	CONJ. III.	CONJ. IV.
Ac.	amatum, to love.	monitum	rectum	auditum
Ab.	amatu, to love.	monitu	rectu	auditu

a. The Supine is a verbal noun of the Fourth Declen- siouj used only in the Accusative and Ablative as fol- lows :

1. Legates miserunt rogatum auxilium. They sent am- bassadors to ask assistance.

2. Perfacile factu est. It is very easy to do.

h. The Accusative of the supine — called the supine in -um — is used, as in example (1), with verbs of mo- tion to express purpose.

Note. — This Supine is also used with iri, — the Passive Infini- tive of eo, to go, — to form the Future Passive Infinitive of verbs, as : amatum iri.

SUPINE; ABLATIVE OF TIME. 137

c. The Ablative of the supine — called the supine in -u — is used, as in example (2), with a few adjectives.

372. ABLATIVE OF TIME.

1. Node oppidum oppugnabimus. We shall storm the town at night.

2. Trihns lioris expugnabitur. It imll he taken within three hours.

In the first example the Ablative node expresses time when; in the second example the Ablative tribus horis expresses time within which.

373. Rule XXXI. Time when or within ivliich is expressed by the Ablative without a preposition.

THESEUS ET AKIADISTE.

374. Minotauro victo, Theseus filo viam, qua ve- nerat, celeriter repetit. Ad introitum labyrinthi Ariadnen videt, quae metu tremens iuvenem petitum venerat. Nunc tandem virgo laeta eum victorem videt, atque ei dicit se omnia paravisse ; custodes carceris somno vinoque sepultos esse; eius comites ad navigandum paratos esse. Statim Theseus cum Ariadne ad litus properat, ubi iam sui comites con- venerant. Sine tumultu omnes iiavem atiis veils conscendunt et nocte tecti per classem Minois eva- dunt. Nunc tandem eis est spes patriae videndae. Postero die Naxon veniunt. Hic ab omni peiiculo tuti paucos dies manebant. Tum Theseus et comi- tes navem conscendunt et Athenas cursum derigunt. Ariadne autem relicta est, quam ob rem difficile dictu est.

138 LATIN BEADEB, — LESSON XXXIX.

375. 1. The companions of Theseus had no hope of conquering the Minotaur. 2. They had has- tened to the shore to see the ship with black sails. 3. They say it is (a) difficult (thing) to see. 4. They will remain at Naxos for the purpose of search- ing for the maiden. 5. On the following day they said that they would arrive at Athens within a few days.

Sight Translation, Theseus et Ariadne. — Concluded.

376. Alii dicunt These! in animo esse Naxon postea redire ad diicendam Ariadnen in matrimonium ; alii deum Bacchum coegisse iuvenem Ariadnen relinquere dicunt. Saltern certum est Bacchum eam in caelum secum evexisse et ei coronam septem stellarum de- disse. Etiam nunc enim nocte in caelo Ariadnea corona cernitur.

lam multos dies rex Aegeus reditum navis ex- spectabat, quae suum filium ad Cretam evexerat. Procul tandem navem cernit, sed eheu ! atiis veils. Nam Theseus casii nescio quo vela non miitaverat. Tum rex magno dolore adfectus se ex alta riipe in mare deiecit ; unde mari nomen est Aegaeum. Inde Theseus rex Athenarum sapienter civitatem rege-

Bacchus, god of wine. dolor, sorrow, grief. (Dolo- saltem, at any rate. rous.)

e-veho, carry aioay. (Ve- ad-ficio, affect.

hide.) Aegaeus, Aegean.

Stella, star. (Stellar.) sapienter, wisely.

red-itus, return. ar-cesso, send for, fetch.

eheu, Alas ! prae-cipuus, special,

DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WOEDS. 139

bat. Suam matrem, Aethram, Troezene arcessivit, quam semper habebat praecipuo honore.

377. 1. Quo modo Theseus ex labyrintho evasit? 2. Quam ad introitum vidit? 3. Quid virgo ei dixit? 4. Ubi Theseus suos comites invenit ? 5. Quo modo per classem Minois evaserunt ? 6. In qua insula Ariadnen reliquerunt? 7. Quid dicunt scriptores de hac re? 8. Quid certum est? 9. Ciir Aegeus se ex rupe in mare deiecit? 10. Quis postea erat rex Athenarum? 11. Qualis rex erat Theseus ? 12. Qualis f ilius erat Theseus ?

QUESTIONS.

378. Give the gerunds of narro, video, duco, venio. What is a gerund ? A gerundive ? When is the gerundive used instead of a gerund ? In tlie following examples change from the gerund to the gerundive construction, and vice versa : ad perferendas calamitatis, consilium bellum renovandi, difiicultas belli gerendi, ad legiones transportandum. What is a supine ? How are the supines used ? Give an example of time when; time within ivhich. What kind of time does the Accusative express ?

LESSON XL. Derivation and Composition of Words.

379. In English^ several words of kindred meaning may often be formed from one word by the addition of certain endings, called suffixes ; e. g., from the verb gov- em we have governor^ governess^ government] governable^ etc. Compare the following examples in Latin:

140 LATIN READEB. —LESSON XL.

REG- = guide.

reg-ere, to rule. regn-um, reign,

rex (= reg-s), king. regn-are, to reign.

reg-ina, queen. regna-tor, ruler.

reg-ius, royal. rec-tor, guide, ruler.

reg-ia, palace. rect-i5, direction., government.

reg-io, direction. rect-us, direct, straight.

All these Latin words, having in them the idea of guidance or government, are formed from the root reg- by the addition of certain suffixes. Following are a few of the most important suffixes used in the formation of Latin words.

380.

NOUNS.

1. The suffix -tor added to roots or verb-stems de- notes the agent or doer of an action, as :

vinco (root vie-), I conquer. victor, conqueror. oro (stem ora-), I plead. orator, pleader, orator.

In like manner form nouns of agency from impero and cano.

2. -ia, -tia, -tas and -tudo added to adjective and noun stems form abstract nouns expressing quality, as :

diligens (stem diligent-), diligentia, diligence.

diligent.

laetus (stem laeto-), glad. laetitia, gladness.

celer (stem celeri-), quick. celeritas, quickness,

altus (stem alto-), high. altitude, height.

Form nou.ns expressing quality from priidens, saevus, tardus, magnus.

DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 141

(3.) -io, -tio, -tus and -tura added to verb stems form nouns expressing action, as :

lego (root LEG-), I gather. dimico (stem dimica-), I

fight. cano (root can-), I sing. pingo (root pic-), I ])aint.

legio, gathering^ legion. dimicatio, struggle.

cantus, singing. pictura, painting.

Form nouns of action from dico, coniuro, advenio, sto.

381.

ADJECTIVES.

(1.) The suffixes -anus, -Inus, -ensis form adjectives denoting belonging to, as :

Roma (stem Roma-), Rome. Gabii (stem G-abio-), Gabii. Athenae (stem Athena-),

Athens.