1895.] L. de Nieéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 357

A list of the Butterflies of Sumatra with especial reference to the Species occurring in the north-east of the Island—By Lionet pe NICE'VILLE F.E.S., C.M.Z.S., &c., and Horreatu Dr. L. MARTIN.

[Received 1st; Read 7th August, 1895.]

?

The island of Sumatra, with Java, Borneo and Celcbes, forms one of the Great Sunda group of islands. Rather more than half as large as Borneo and more than twice as large as Java, it is nearly as large as France. Some 1,070 miles in length, with an average breadth of over 120 miles, it has a total area of about 128,000 square miles, or 8,000 more square miles than are contained in the United Kingdom. Oblong in shape, with its longer diameter running north-west to south-east, the island lies between 95° and 106° Long. E., and is almost exactly bisected by the equator, six degrees north and south of which it extends. On the west it is washed by the great Indian Ocean with no adjacent land except a parallel chain of small islands of which Nias is the largest ; to the east is the shallow Strait of Malacca, with the Malay Peninsula and the large island of Banka and a few other smaller ones at no great dis- tance. To the south lies the large island of Java, separated only by the narrow Sunda Strait; to the north the Nicobar and Andaman chain of islands seem to form a natural continuation of the enormous volcanic range of mountains that beginning in the Banda Sea, extends through the islands of Wetter, Flores, Sumbawa, Lombok, Bali, Java and Sumatra, and endsinthe Andaman Sea. Throughout the whole length of Sumatra extends a mountain-system of several parallel ranges, with large central plateaus or highlands. In this system, called ‘The Barisans,” the highest mountains are mostly volcanoes, which reach an altitude of about 15,000 feet in Mount Kassoumba. Other lofty peaks are Indra- pura, 12,255; Lusi, 11,000; Dempo, 10,562; Abong-Abong, 10,000 ; Ophir, 9,940; Merapi, 9,640; Talang, 8,470; and Salamanga, 6,825 fect. Two of these volcanic cones, Merapi and Talang, are said to be still active. On the west coast the mountains rise abruptly from the Indian Ocean, and in consequence there is no alluvial soil on that side of the island ; whilst on the east coast there are large alluvial plains, abound- ing in water, and intersected by large rivers. This plain is increasing every year, being gradually built up by a broad belt of mangrove- swamp. In the northern half of Sumatra in the above-mentioned alluvial belt, between 3°-4° N. Lat. and 98°-100° E. Lon., are situated the three small Malayan sultanates of Langkat, Deli, and Serdang (with the butterfly fauna of which this paper deals), that are world-renowned for the splendid tobacco grown there, which is almost entirely used for making the outer covers of cigars. The southern

358 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

and western borders of these sultanates are formed by the Barisans, here named the Battak mountains from the inhabitants of these ranges being several tribes of anthropophagous Battaks, the aborigines of Sumatra. The different ranges of the Battak mountains here inelude the extensive Toba highlands, which surround the large and for long mysterions Lake Toba that lies in their centre. North of this lake is the Karo plateau, inhabited by the Karo-Battak tribe, and forming the true “ hinter-land” of the above-named sultanates. The northern boundary of this region—as we deal chiefly with this part of the island, we will call it “our area’”—is the mountainous land of the Gayoe and Allas tribes, who are Mahomedans; to the east lies the large sultanate of Siak. The altitude of the Karo plateau may be estimated at about 4,000 feet; the highest peaks of the Battak mountains are Simanabum, nearly 8,000 feet in height, and Sebayak, which is a little over 7,000 fcet.

Owing to its situation, protected on the south and west by the Barisans, and with the narrow and quiet Strait of Malacca, beyond which again is the Malay Peninsula also with a high central range to the north and cast, there is no monsoon in our area, and consequently neither a true rainy, nor a true dry season; thongh during tlie south-west monsoon there is a little more rain than usual, say about 18 days in tho month, while during the north-east monsoon there are only JL rainy days in tho month. Nevertheless there is a yearly average rainfall of about 90 inches (2,200 mm.); this, together with a mean daily temperature of 80°, and an extreme daily range of 12°6° Fahrenheit, makes a very damp and unhealthy climate, but fits it for a high development of insect life. The plains of the three sultanates, the outer ranges of the Battak mountains, and the Battak mountains themselves, which include the Karo Central Plateau, are the localities where all the species of Rhopalocera contained in our collections and enumerated in the following lst, have been captured, except a few from the Gayoe lands and from Indragiri, another Malayan sultanate south of Siak, and nearly opposite to Singapore.

The plains were formerly entirely covered with large, dense, lofty primeval forest, but this has had to make way for the miserable tobacco plant, of which the cultivation began about the year 1865. The primeval forest once destroyed by fire and the axe does not grow again, but is replaced by a high-growing and tenacious species of grass, called “ Lalang” in Malay (Imperata arundinacea, Cyrill.), which now entirely covers all the ground temporarily unoceupied by tobacco. The cultivation of the nicotinous plant pays so highly and yearly so increases in extent, that there is now no forest whatever left in the

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 309

true tobacco districts of Deli — Deli being the name generally used as a topographical unity for all the three tobacco-yielding sultanates—and in consequence, as Imperata arundinacea is not liked by any animal, there have disappeared not only all the interesting pachyderms, but also all the butterflies whose food-plants are in the forests. Ten or twelve years ago, or even six or eight, certain species, for instance the different black and brown Hupleeas, were to be found commonly every- where. But then all the forest had not been cut down; now these species are never seen, having retired to the well-wooded outer hills and mountains, or to the boundaries of the tobacco districts north of Langkat, and tothe south in Serdang. Only the most common species which feed on the Graminece, garden vegetables, cocoa-nut palms and other fruit-trees and on ubiquitous plants remain. So it has become neces- sary to send our collectors far away out of range of tobacco cultivation.

Revarding the elevations of the different places where our cap- tures were made, we could generally distinguish four well-separated ZONES :—

1l. The zone of the plains from the sea-board to the elevation of Namoe Oekor (266 feet), with the subzone of the beach, situated quite close to the mangrove fence of the coast. Laboean and the Saentis Estate are localities in this subzone, whereas Mabar (25 feet), Paya Bakong (40 feet), Stabat (45 feet), Medan, the capital of the Deli district (50 feet), Selesseh (90 feet), and Dr. Martin’s later station at Bindjei (100 feet), all belong to this first zone.

2. The zone of the outer hills, beginning some few miles south of Namoe Oekor and extending to Bekantschan, the elevation of this district being between 300 and 2,400 feet. Kampong (village) Singha- pura (725 feet), Namoe Tampis and Namoe Blanka (1,050 feet), are good localities in thig zone, to which may also be added the villages of Bohorok and Kepras, situated more to the west in the direction of the Gayoe country.

3. The zone of the higher mountains which begins south of Be- kantschan, and ends on the margin of the Central Plateau, with the frequently-visited valley of the Soengei Batoe (4,125 feet). Between Bekantschan and Soengei Batoe there is the Bekantschan pass, leading to the Central Plateau, at an elevation of 4,785 feet.

4. The Central Plateau itself, with no elevation less than 4,000 feet. The Kampongs of Naman, Beras Tepoe, Soekanaloe, and Atjih Djahé more to the south in the direction of lake Toba, were the spots where our collectors were most successful.

Two other good collecting places have to be mentioned. The first is Paya Bakong which is situated quite in the centre of tobacco-land.

360 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

Owing to the fortunate presence of an undrainable swamp on either side of the little Diski river, it still possesses a pateh of high forest of several square miles in extent, in which many of the rarer speeies such as Charazxes, Papilio hermocrates, Felder, and P. delessertit, Guérin, have found an asylum. The second, the often-mentioned Selesseh, lies at a distanee of six miles from Bindjei, and is on the border of tobaeco cultiva- tion and immediately to the west of the village of Selesseh, where there is splendid continuous primeval forest which yields precious crops of rare butterflies, especially on the banks of the large Wampoe river.

Our colleetors were usually Battaks from the two mountainous zones ; to Selesseh, however, and other places in the plains we usually sent two very clever Chinamen. The latter were most zealous if given some advanee of pay, which allowed them to buy some neeessary provisions and the never-to-be-omitted opium. On their return with their bag of captured butterflies they received the balanee of their monthly salary, together with an extra bonus for any rarer spoil they may have been fortunate enough to eapture. The Battaks received some rice and salt fish, enough to feed them for a fortnight, before leaving for the mountains, but as they are inveterate gamblers, and will not turn out of their villages till they had lost at some game of hazard or another every cent they posscss, no advanee in eash was given them. When all their money from the fruits of their last expe- dition was lost, then they asked for a tin box, some butterfly papers and a net, and moved off with their provisions very slowly and reluc- tantly southwards to the evergreen mountains. Being moreover very lazy, it was impossible to grant them a fixed salary, so they were paid solely by results, and by valuation of the captures they bronght in. On their return from the mountains after delivering the insects and re- ceiving their dollars, they immediately set to gambling, and did not appear again on the surface so long as a cent remained. All Battak colleetors, even the most intelligent and zealous, lose their interest in the subjeet after a certain time, and would return with hardly any- thing, or a few common and useless species, and in consequence had to be discharged —a very great inconvenience, as it always takes a long time to break in a native as a good collector. Of course there was always lost or damaged many a rare and fine specimen through the awkwardness of a new collector. A few Gayoe collectors also were employed, who went farther away to the north and west to the Gayoe- lands. They bronght various species of Charazes largely, Prioneris clemanthe, Donbleday, Ixias ludekingii, Vollenhoven, Hebomoia borneénsis, Wallaee, Papilio perses, de Nicéville, and P. payent, Boisduyal, all of whieh are very rare or do not occur at all on the Central Plateau. In

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. 361

1893 and 1894, Mr. de Nicéville induced three amateur collectors in British India to send down to Sumatra some of the well-known Lepcha collectors from Darjiling to Dr. Martin’s care. These men met with very good success, though at first they were afraid to mix with the cannibal Battaks and refused to go to the mountains. How- ever, after giving them a Battak guide and interpreter they went off to the hills regularly, and did very well there.

A large proportion of the really rare endemic species of buttcr- flies found in the island occur only in the mountains, from the lower slopes of which and from the high Central Plateau, alone, are obtained the interesting species that are common to the eastern Himalayas and Sumatra, clearly showing the aforetime continuation of the Asiatic continent by way of the Malay Peninsula through Sumatra to Java and Bali, between which latter small island and the equally small island of Lombok occurs the deep depression in the sea floor which forms “ \Wallace’s Line,” dividing the Indo-Malayan from the Austro-Malayan region. The most remarkable of these species which are common to the Sikhim Himalayas and the mountains of Sumatra, but which have not as yet been recorded from the intervening Malay Peninsula are—

Enispe euthymius, Doubleday.

Pareba vesta, Fabricius, local race vestita, de Nicéville.

Apatura namouna, Doubleday.

Neptis sankara, Kollar.

Argynnis niphe, Linneus.

Limenitis danava, Moore, local race albomarginata, Weymer.

T dudu, Westwood, local race bockit, Moore.

Oyrestis (Chersonesia) risa, Doubleday and Hewitson, local race cyanee, de Nicéville.

Castalius ananda, de Nicéville.

Arrhopala teesta, de Nicéville.

Ilerda epicles, Godart, local race ila, de Nicéville.

Rapala schistacea, Moore.

s scintilla, de Nicéville. Delias belladonna, Fabricius. Terias libythea, Fabricius. ' Huphina nadina, Lucas. x nerissa, Fabricins, local race sumatrana, Hagen. Papilio cloanthus, Westwood, local race sumatrana, Hagen. » payent, Boisduval. Cupitha purreea, Moore. Halpe zema, Hewitson.

362 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,

As mentioned above, north-eastern Sumatra does not possess a well-marked dry- and wet-season, such as is found over most of the continent of India, there being no month in the year when it does not rain ; indeed it is rare for a week to pass without a shower, consequently there are no dry-season forms of butterflies to be found in Sumatra except the dry-season form of Melanitis ismene, Cramer (=leda, Linneus, aucto- rum), which, as also in Java, is found all the year round equally commonly with the wet-season ocellated form, M. determinata, Butler.

We would especially bring to notice the oecurrence in North- Eastern Sumatra of a very peculiar endemic form of the female of Papilio memnon, Linneus. It belongs to the first form group of females of the species, i.e., the form which has no tail to the hindwing and is most like the male; the second form is also tailless, but has a large white pateh on the outer half of the hindwing never found in the first form. This peculiar first form female has the ‘ epaulettes ” (i.e. the basal portion of the discoidal cell of the forewing on both surfaces) almost pure whitc, faintly tinged only with ochreous, so that it may perhaps be called cream-coloured. It probably mimics the second form female of Papilio forbesi, Grose Smith, which also possesses similar white epaulcttes, the first form lacking them altogether, and is therefore like the male. It may be urged against this theory that females of P. forbesi are very rare, especially the white-epauletted second form, Dr. Martin having obtained only two specimens of it. But this scareity is probably more apparent than real, both sexes of P. forbesi occurring in equal numbers, but the males coming down to the hill streams to drink are caught in large numbers, while their less thirsty spouses keep only to the thiek forest where they cscape the dangers of the butterfly net.

It should be pointed out that de Nieéville is solely responsible for the nomenclature employed in this paper, and for all statements ap- pearing in the first person singular, together with the descriptions of species and sexes; while Martin, who has lived for 13 years in north- east Sumatra, is mainly responsible for the notes on distribution in the island itself, searcity or rarity, season of occurrence, &c., of the various species; de Nicéville having but twice visited Sumatra, and then only for short periods.

The literature of the subject is of course very scattered and frag- mentary. The following is a list of the principal papers dealing with the Rhopalocera of Sumatra : —

I. P. ©. T. Snellen. Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xx, p. 65 (1877), “ Le- pidoptera op Sumatra verzameld, voornamelijk in Atehin.” Enumer- ates 30 species.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Putterfiies of Sumatra. 363

II. Henley Grose Smith. Appendix v of “The Head-Hunters of Borneo” by Carl Bock. English edition, 1881. “List of Sumatra Butterflies.” Hnumerates 226 species.

TII. P. ©., T. Snellen, Tijd, voor Ent., vol. xxxii, p. 215 (1890), “ Lijst van Lepidoptera op Sumatra.” Enumerates 48 species.

IV. Dr. B. Hagen. “Die Pflanzen- und Thierwelt von Deli auf der Ostküste Sumatra’s.” Separat-Abdruck aus “Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap.” Jaar- gang 1890. Leiden.—E. J. Brill. Enumerates 323 species.

V. P. C. T. Snellen. “ Midden-Sumatra.” Lepidoptera (1892). Enumerates 104 species,

VI. Dr. B. Hagen. Iris, vol. vii, p. 1 (1894). ‘“Verzeichniss der von mir auf Sumatra gafangenen Rhopaloceren.” Enumerates 109 species in the subfamilies Papilionine, Pierinæ and Danainæ only.

VII. Hofrath Dr. L. Martin. “Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra.” Munich, 1895. Pts. I and II. Enumerates 9 species.

Besides these papers exclusively on Sumatra butterflies search has been made for all references to the butterflies of the island in Mr. W. F. Kirby's “ A Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera ” up to 1877, and “ The Record of the Zoological Literature ” up to 1893, the date of the last volume published; Dr. A. R. Wallace’s papers on Eastern Butterflies; Mr. A. G. Butler’s paper on the Butterflies of Malacca; Dr. O. Staudinger’s “ Exotische Schmetterlinge,” and the Butterflies of Palawan; Herr Georg Semper’s “ Schmetterlinge der Philippinischen Inseln;” and Mr. W. L. Distant’s “Rhopalocera Malayana.” It is hoped that the list is fairly complete as far as present knowledge goes. The remarks on each species are headed by the names of the different writers who have recorded the species from Sumatra. All those species that have not been obtained by ourselves have an asterisk (*) prefixed to the name. Dr. Martin is of opinion that this list cannot be greatly extended, and that it is nearly complete. I do not agree with him; up to the last month of his stay in the island, species new to the list continued to be obtained ; besides which, con- sidering the vast extent of the island, that it is largely covered with almost impenetrable virgin forest, that a considerable portion of the country has never been explored, that it contains a continuous chain of high volcanic mountains running throughout its entire length which is almost unknown, and has been crossed from north to south in but few places, and finally that Dr. Martin’s collectors visited a few favoured spots only, at most 50 miles apart, I think it almost certain that this list will some day be increased by an additional 100 species at least. At the

J. 11. 46

364 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

same time we may we think point with some httle pride to the fact that it is far larger than any loeal list whieh has ever been published exeept for eertain places in Central and South America, containing as it does some 756 species. Next to it probably in size is de Nicéville’s “ A List of the Butterflies of Sikhim” in the Gazetteer of Sikhim (1894), in which 631 species are enumerated. Synonomy for the commoner and better known species has not bcen given; but all references to figures of speeies from Sumatra and lately deseribed species, as well as synonyms of reeent date have as far as known been entered.

The imperfections of this list are doubtless many, but we would ask our adverse critics to remember the disadvantages of working in a tropical climate, and also the many letters that have to be written, the number of books to be consulted, the many eollectors to be “ eaught,” trained, supplied with neeessaries and depatehed to the colleet- ing grounds, and the time oecupied in preparing and eonserving the specimens when obtained, before a list similar to this one can be pre- sented to, let us hope, an indulgent public.

Family NYMPHALIDZ, Subfamily DANAINE.

1. Hesta ryncevs, Drury.

H. reinwardti, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 218, n. 3. H. druyri, l. c., p. 219, n. 6.

Snellen as linceus [sie]. Hagen as lynceus and lyncens [sic]. Grose Smith. Butler, Staudinger. Distant. Moore as reinwardti and druyri. A eommon species, oeeurring from the lower slopes of the moun- tains to the sea. As usual it is very variable, two of these varieties have been deseribed by Moore as distinet speeies oceurring in Sumatra, The dark varicty figured by Distant in Rhop. Malay., pl. i, fig. 2, only eomes from plaees near the mountains and the outer slopes where the rainfall is far heavier than in the plains, while the lighter speeimens are found in the forests of the alluvial plain, but the two forms gradually merge the one into the other, and no distinguishing line ean be drawn between them. Specimens of the genus Hestia are nearly always seen in pairs, and are very fond of flying over the small streams so common in oar forests. They never leave the high forest, probably beeause they have a very weak flight, and their enormous tissue-paper-like wings eannot withstand the wind away from the shelter of the trees.

2. HESTIA BELIA, Westwood.

Hagen as linteata, The Sumatran form of this species appears to

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. 365

be nearer to the Javan H. belia than to the whiter H. linteata, Butler, from the Malay Peninsula, but at best the latter is butia local race of the former. For many years there existed a single specimen in Dr. Martin’s collection without locality label, and he nearly despaired of gct- ting it again, when in May, 1894, he obtained all at once in one spot five specimens from Bandar Quala in Serdang, where no specimen of H. lynceus, Drury, is ever found, as Mr. Puttfarcken, a very enthusiastic collector of that place, has noted.

3. Ineorsis (Gamana) Daos, Boisduval.

Snellen as Hestia daos. Hagen as I. daos, Horsfield and Moore [sic]. Butler. Staudinger. Distant. Mr. W. F. Kirby, in “Allen’s Naturalist’s Library. Lepidoptera,” vol. i, p. 15 (1894), suggests that the form of this species occurring in Sumatra may be distinct from the typical Bornean form. I possess specimens from both islands, and find that they agree almost exactly. Dr. Staudinger refers to a darker form of the species occurring in Sumatra and Nias. The former is normal ; the latter is the Gamana costalis of Moore, and is a distinct species. In Sumatra J. daos is found not higher than Bekantschan. It is mimicked by a very beautiful day-flying Moth, probably of the genus Isbarta, Walker (? I. glauca, Walker, from Sumatra), family Zygeenide. On “ The Crag” at Penang, 2,000 feet, I. daos is very common.

4, Danais (Radena) vuiearis, Butler.

Grose Smith. A common species of the plains, the female much rarer than the male. It occurs all the year round, but if there should be a break in the regular rainfall, as there is sometimes in February and March, then only worn specimens are on the wing, shewing that damp weather is necessary for the disclosure of imagines; otherwise generation follows generation regularly throughout the year.

5. *Danais (fadena) simiuis, Linneus.

Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Mr. Henley Grose Smith is the only writer who gives both D. vulgaris, Butler, and D. similis from Sumatra. Mr. Moore restricts D. similis to Hongkong and Formosa. I greatly doubt its occurrence in Sumatra.

6. *Dawnais (Radena) JUVENTA, Cramer.

Moore, Semper from West Sumatra. As it is found in Singapore (Moore), Banka, Java, Labuan, Lombok and Billiton, it is possible that it may also occur in Sumatra in the south and west. Banka and Java are only separated from Sumatra by very narrow straits.

366 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra, [No. 3,

7. Damaris (Tirumala) SEPTENTRIONIS, Butler.

Hagen. Quite common in the plains and lower slopes of the hills.

8. *Dawnais (Tirumala) Lrmniace, Cramer.

Hagen. As this species occurs in Burma and the Nicobar Isles, it is possible that it may also be found in Sumatra, However, as Dr. Hagen records in his first paper D. limniace and no D. septentrionis, and in his second paper D. septentrionis and no D. limniace, his first. identification was probably incorrect.

I wish to take this opportunity to record the occurrence of a but- terfly in Malayana which has been well-named in English “ The Wan- derer,” but about whose specific name there has of late years been much contention and confusion. Formerly it was known as Danais archippus, Fabricius (1793), then as Danais (Anosia) plezippus, Linneus (1758); recently, however, Mr. W. F. Kirby in “ Allen’s Naturalist’s Library. Lepidoptera,” vol. i, pp. 12 and 19 (189-4), has pointed out that the Papilio plevippus of Linneeus, and the Papilio archippus of Cramer [sic, ? Fabricins] cannot apply to this species, and that it should be known as Danais (CAnosia) menippe, Hübner, described in 1816. But an older name than this last is Papilio erippus, Cramer (1775), which should ap- parently be applied to it, unless Danais erippus, described from Brazil, be considered to be a distinct species from D. menippe, which, however, Mr. Scudder is not prepared to admit it to be, in which case D. erippus must be applied to “The Wanderer.” It is certain, however, that D. erippus is not the typical form, being in fact a local race of D, menippe, so that our species must, as Kirby says, be known as D. menippe, Hübner. In my opinion the most accurate nomenclature for the butter- fly would be Danuis (Anosia) erippus menippe, Hübner. At any rate the specics here treated has been well figured by Cramer in “ Papillons Exotiques ” on plate cevi, figs. E, F (1779), from a female example as Papilio plexippus. Mr. W. F. Kirby has already recorded it from Java, I now, for the first time I believe, record it from North Borneo, the late Mr. W. Davison, who was for some years and till his death the Curator of the Rafiles Museum, Singapore, having sent me to sce a male specimen from that island. The Rev. W. J. Holland, Ph. D., in the Ann. Report Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1893, notes that he has received single specimens of Danais plevippus, Linneus, from Borneo and Java, also its occurrence in the Azores. In Part ii of a new edition of Morris’ ‘‘A History of British Butterflies,” p. 72 (1895), it is stated (though the authority is not given) to have been found in the Andaman Islands. Furthermore, the late Mr. E. F. T. Atkinson in 1889 presented a female specimen of this

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 367

species to the Indian Museum, Calcutta, which was captured on the 19th April, 1889, by Mr. C. White, the chief officer on board the Penin- sular and Oriental S. S. “ Ravenna ” in the Straits of Malacca (which is at the point where the butterfly was caught only a few miles broad), not far off the island of Pulo Jara between Penang and Singapore. It is there- fore not at all improbable that the butterfly flew off from either the adjacent island of Sumatra or from the Asiatic mainland. I have for some years past been looking forward to its capture in India proper, and I think it cannot be long hence before we have evidence of its hav- ing established itself on this continent.

P.§.—Since the above was in type, I have lighted on an article in “ The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation,” vol. v, p. 1 (1894), by Dr. F. J. Buckell, entitled “ Danais archippus, Anosia plexippus, or What,” in which he discusses the question of the correct name by which “ The Wanderer” should be known, and arrives at the following conclusions :—

“ 1.—The balance of argument is against the claim that the Ameri- can insect is the plexippus of Linneeus.

2.—The earliest name given to that species was erippus, Cramer, and, if the ‘law of priority’ is to be pedantically adhered to, this is the trivial name that must be adopted.

3.—The Fabrician name, archippus, is that by which the specics has beeu most widely known, and as changes in accustomed nomencla- ture are to be deprecated, and as, moreover, erippus, Cramer, is a varietal form found in Brazil, archippus should be retained as the trival name of the species, and erippus used as the name of the variety.”

As will be seen above, I am unable to follow Dr. Buckell in his conclusions, priority of nomenclature must in all cases be strictly maintained,

9. Danats (Limnas) CHRYSIPPUS, Linnæus.

Snellen. Hagen. Moore. Found only in the allnvial plain, all the year round, but always very local, and restricted to spots where its food- plant, species of Calotropis and Asclepias, are found in abundance. There, under a concatination of favourable circumstances, an immense increase of the species, and thousands of specimens, appear. When an over population of this nature occurs, all the food-plants are entirely eaten up by the caterpillars, food gets scarce, and the few butterflies which reach maturity are very small. It takes a long time to recover, and not a single specimen may be seen for a year.

Aberration alcippus, Cramer (=alcippoides, Moore). Hagen as var. alcippoides. Semper as alcippus froma small island near Sumatra

368 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

(Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxiii, pp. xiii and xiv (1880). Alphéraky has figured this aberration in Romanoff’s ‘‘ Mémoires sur les Lépidoptéres,” vol. v, p. 220, pl. xi, fig. 3, female (1889), from Teneriffe. Mr. Moore records this “species ” from Singapore; it is almost as common as D. chrysippus in the plains of Sumatra. I am unable to consider D. alcippoides, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 238, n. 3, pl. xxxi, fig. 1, male, as an aberration even to be distinct from the D. alcippus of Cramer. It is true that the oblique subapical series of spots on the forewing, especially on the underside, appears to be somewhat broader in Oriental than in African specimens (I have, however, only Cramer’s figure of the African form of D. alcippus to guide me), but all the other characters given by Mr. Moore to distinguish between the two forms are so obviously variable even in Sumatran specimens that they can have no specific value. I hold that D. alcippus is an occasional aberration or “sport” only of D. chrysippus, certainly not a distinct species. Dr. Martin during the first years of his residence in Sumatra froin 1882 to 1891, as also Dr. Hagen, never saw D. alcippus, the first specimens appearing in 1892 near Selesseh, immigrating into Deli from the north-west. Since that year the true D. chrysippus has become rarer and rarer, and the aberrational form has become more and more common. 7

10. Dawnais (Salatura) INTERMEDIA, Moore.

Salatura sumatrana, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 242, n. 8.

Moore as sumatrana. Hagen as genutia. Very common in the plains of Sumatra. It is, I think, a very remarkable fact that D. plexippus, Linneus,* which is a common species in the Malay Peninsnla, should not be found in Sumatra, but be replaced by D. inter- media, which latter in the Malay Peninsula is probably only an aber- ration or “sport” of D. plexippus, but has become fixed as a distinct specics in Sumatra. In my collection from the Asiatic mainland I have every gradation between typical D. plexippus and D. intermedia. I am quite unable to find any character by which to separate D. suma- trana, Moore, from D. intermedia, Moore.

* Mr. W. F. Kirby has recently shewn in ‘‘ Allen’s Naturalist’s Library. Lepi- doptera,” vol. i, p. 19, pl. v, fig. 1, male (189+), that the butterfly which has for the last fifteen years or so gone underthe name of Danais genutia, Cramer (1779), must revert tothe name by which it was previously almost universally known, viz., Danais plezippus, Linnæus (1758), which latter was described as having a white band on the forewing like D. chrysippus, Linnæus, a character not found in any American species of Danais, D. plexippus having been originally erroneously described from America.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 369

11. Dawnats (Salatura) HEGESIPPUS, Cramer.

Snellen as hegesippus and as melanippus, the latter being a dis- tinct local race from Java. Hagen as melanippus, var. hegesippus. Butler as melanippus. Distant as melanippus, var. hegesippus. It was figured by Cramer from a female specimen from the west coast of Sumatra. D. intermedia, Moore, is found in the smaller hills bordering the alluvial plain, and is still to be got at Bekantschan, whereas D. hegesippus is always found within a moderate distance of the sea. On the islands of Penang, Singapore and Riau (the latter belonging to the Dutch) D. hegesippus occurs commonly, while D. intermedia is decidedly rarer, or wanting altogether.

12. Dawnais (Bahora) aseasia, Fabricius.

Hagen as crocea; also as aspasia, var. crocea. Staudinger. Dis- tant as aspasia, var. crocea. I am quite unable to separate D. crocea, Butler, from D. aspasia, vide Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 13, (1895). Ihave a large series of these two supposed distinct species from the typical localities for each, and they are absolutely indis- tinguishable. D. aspasia may be found in Sumatra all the year round, but always only singly. In the spots where a blue Heliotrope- like flower is in abundance, the males of this species wil] occur singly together with numerous species of Danais and Huplea, but the females are only found in the forests, and never frequent these well- beloved flowers of their husbands, brothers and cousins.

13. Danais (Parantica) AGLAIOIDES, Felder.

Hagen as agleoides [sic]. Grose Smith as agleoides [sic]. Stau- dinger as agleoides [sic]. Distant as agleoides [sic]. The males are very common in the plains, the females very rare as in the case of D. vulgaris, Butler. On the wing these two species are hardly distinguishable.

14. *Danais (Parantica) GRAMMICA, Boisduval.

Grose Smith. Dr. Martin has never met with this species. Mr. Moore restricts it to Java, but it may quite possibly occur at the south- east end of Sumatra, which is only separated from Java by the very narrow Sunda Strait. It is known to me by Boisduval’s figure only.

15. Dawais (Caduga) tytroipes, de Nicéville.

D. melaneus, Cramer, var. tityoides [sic], Hagen, Die Pflanzen- und Thierwelt von Deli auf der ostktiste Sumatra’s, p. 192, n. 5 (1890).

D. (Caduga) tytioides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 37, n. 1, pl. K, figs. 1, male; 2, female (1893).

Hagen, Occurs somewhat rarely only on the Central Plateau and

370 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

not below 3,000 feet elevation, not even being found at Bekantschan. As Dr. Hagen wrongly diagnosed this species by making it a “ variety ” of D. melaneus, Cramer, which it certainly is not, seeing that it is a local race of D. fytia, Gray; as moreover, he spelt the name incorrectly, I refuse to accept his name for the species, though it is prior to mine. In all cascs where a species has been first described incorrectly as a “variety” of another species, and is subsequently proved to be a distinct species, it is optional for the author who so proves it to be distinct to use the varietal name so given to it ina full specific sense, or to rename it altogether.

16. Danats (Caduga) Banxst, Moore,

Caduga banksii, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, 18838, p. 251, n. 8.

Moore. Grosc Smith as melaneus, Cramer. Semper as aglea, Cramer. Hagen as aglea and melaneus. It is a good local race of D. melaneus, Cramcr, from the eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma, and the Malay Peninsula. Occurs on the Central Plateau and higher hills as also in the plains, the specimens from the highest points being richer and darker iu colour than those from a lower elevation. l

17. *EurLæa (Menama) Buxtont, Moore.

Menama buxtoni, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1883, p. 265, n. 5.

Moore. Originally described from Sumatra. Dr. Martin has not met with any species of this distinct subgenus in Sumatra.

18. *EcrLæa (Menama) movesta, Butler.

Grose Smith. Originally described from Siam. Itis more than doubtful if two species of the subgenus Menama occur in Sumatra. Dr. Hagen records quite funnily “ Wenama species near loeza.” He does not appear to know that Menama is a genus of Mr. Moore’s, he treats the name as specific. The species “ loeza” is probably intended to mean Menama lorzæ, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 265, n, 6, pl. xxxi, fig. 5, male, from Sandakan, North Borneo.

19. EvurLEæA (Tronga) BREMERI, Feldcr.

Hagen. Butler. A common species in the plains and occurs also in the lower ranges of the mountains up to 1,500 feet elevation. In December, 1894, and January, 1595, Dr. Martin obtained hundreds of specimens from Kepras,a village on the boundary between Langkat and the independent Battak country, The female is always somewhat scarce. It may be of interest to note that out of large numbers of but- terilies of this spccics there are always to be found a few males which

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 371

have on the upperside of the forewing a short and sometimes even a quite distinct and longer ‘‘ male-mark.” The genus Tronga comes into Mr. Moore’s group A of the Hupleina, which is defined as having “ No ‘sexual-mark’ or scent-producing organ on forewing.” But there are many exceptions to this definition.

20. EvrLæa (Tronga) mooret, Butler.

Butler. Kirby. Moore. This species may be distinguished from E, bremeri, Felder, by its smaller size, the duller colour of the upperside of beth wings, being brown, not black, with all the white spots smaller. It never shews any traces of a “ male-mark.” It occurs in the plains about equally commonly as EH. bremeri, though it is found also at somewhat greater elevations in the hills, occurring even on the Central Plateau ; these latter specimens show only very few white spots.

21. *EurLæA (Tronga) HEYLÆRTSII, Moore. Tronga heylertsii, Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. i, p. 79 (1890).

Moore. Described from Sumatra, but we have failed to recognise it.

22. Eveta@a (Adiyama) MaLayica, Butler.

Euplea ochsenheimeri, Lucas, Snellen, Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, p. 12, n. 1, pl. ii, figs. 1, 2, male (1892).

Grose Smith as ochsexheimetert [sic], Moore. Snellen as ochsen- heimeri, Lucas. Hageu as ochsenketmert, Butler and Lucas. Staudinger. Distant. This beautiful and large species is found only in the deep forests of the plains, never higher than Namoe Oekor. It flies mostly alone high over the small openings in the evergreen forests, and is found all the year round, but never in large numbers, There has been much confusion regarding the name Fuplæa ochsenhermert. Two species have been so called, one by Lucas in 1853, and one by Moore in 1857, both from Java, Mr. Moore places his own species in the genus Adiygama, and Lucas’ in Tiruna. There has been no Huplea named ochsenhetmert by Butler, as stated by Dr. Hagen. To further complicate matters, Snellen figures E. malayica, Butler, as E. ochsenhetmert, Lucas, with which it has nothing wha'ever in common.

23. *Kuet@a (Andasena) BELINDA, Butler. Euplea belinda, Butler, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. xiv, p. 299, n. 2 (1878). Butler. Moore. Originally described from Sumatra. We have seen no Fuplea from Sumatra belonging to the subgenus Andasena. Jou. 47

372 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L, Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,

24. *EUPLŒA (Andasena) OROPE, Boisduval.

Kirby. Butler asa var. with a query, from Sumatra. Originally described from Taiti, recorded from Timor by Butler. Very doubtfully

Sumatran.

25. *EvpLæA (Betanga) scHerzert, Felder.

Kirby. Originally described from Ceylon. Entirely unknown to us. ,

26. Evetma (Penoa) MENBTRIESII, Felder,

Grose Smith. Hagen. Distant. Not very common. Found in the plains and also on the outer hills as high as Bekantschan. The female is much rarer than the male, and often shews a white spot in the discoidal cell of the forewing ou the upperside. It has in the male a much smaller “ male-mark ” than F. pinwillii, Butler.

27. Evupie@a (Penoa) pinwitti, Butler.

Hagen as pinwilli, Godardt [sic]. Staudinger. Is very common everywhere at low clevations, and especially frequents the above-men- tioned Heliotrope-like flowers. The female is of course much rarer than the male, and possesses a violet gloss to both wings on the upperside, which the female of B. ménétriésii, Felder, never has. It has in the male a much larger “ male-mark ” than in F. méneétriésic.

28. *EvreLæa (Crastia) core, Cramer.

A single female recorded from Sumatra by Snellen, the specimen being probably some species of Tronga. E. core is practically confined to the continent of India.

29, Euptawa (Crastia) pistanrit, Moore.

Crastia distantii, Moore, Aun. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. ix, p. 453 (1882).

Eupiwa distanti, Distant, Rhop. Malay., p. 32, n. 13, pl. v, fig. 9, male (1882).

Crastia distanti, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 278, n.5, pl. xxix,

fig. 6, male.

Moore. Hagen as distanti [sic]. Distant as distanti [sic]. Ori- ginally described from Sumatra. Never found at the higher elevations in the hills, and is more plentiful near the sea; especially so in both sexes ou both sides of the Wampoe River near the village of Stabat. It is the commonest of the brown Wupleus in our area. Both sexes exhibit very many variations in the shade of the brown colour of both wings. The male has sometimes absolutely no “ male-mark ” as should be exhibited according to Mr. Moore’s definition of his group A; there is sometimes

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 373

a small one on the upperside of the forewing in the submedian inter- space; sometimes there is a large narrow mark ; sometimes a large broad mark asin Mr. Moore’s group B. In some hundreds of specimens which I have examined I have found every intergrade between these four forms, which goes to prove that in some groups of Fuplæas the “ male-marks ” cannot be used in even a subgeneric sense. Dr. Hagen as late as 1889 noted that H. distanti is everywhere very common around the feet of the traveller. It may here be mentioned that all the brown Hupleas:— bremeri, moorei, distunti and ægyptus (which follows) were all more or less plentiful in Deli so long as there were forests. But owing to the cultivation of tobacco all the forests have been cut down, the brown Eupleas have become rarer and rarer in the true tobacco districts} but may still be found as plentifully as in former years only on the boun- daries of Deli, Langkat and Serdang, where again the forests commence. Even E. distantit is now decidedly rare in Deli and Langkat proper.

30. *Eupie@a (Crastia) INCONSPICUA, Moore. Crastia inconspicua, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 279, n. 10.

Moore. Originally described from Sumatra. Unknown to us.

31. *EUPLGA (Crastia) AMYMONE, Godart.

Danais amymone, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 179, n. 11 (1819).

Crastia amymore, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 279, n. 13.

Butier. Moore. Described by Godart from Amboina, recorded from China and Cochin China by Moore. Unknown to us.

32. *EupLŒA (Crastia) FELDERI, Butler.

Euplæa felderi, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 275, n. 20.

Butler. The type (a female) was from Sumatra. Recorded from Hong Kong by Moore. Unknown to us.

33. Kurna@a (Trepsichrois) LiNNÆI, Moore.

Trepsichrois van-deventeri, Forbes, A Naturalist’s Wanderings, p. 274 (1885).

Forbes as van-deventeri. Grose Smith as midamus. Snellen as mida- mus. Hagen as midamus, Hagen also gives “var. muleiber, Distant [sic]. Butler as midamus. Staudinger as midamus. Distant as midamus. Moore. The commonest species of Fuplæa both in the plains and hills in Sumatra. It is found all the year round and always in fresh generations. Of all the species of Huplea it is the most mimicked, in the female by the female of Elymnias laisidis, de Nicéville; in the male by the third form of the female of Euripus halitherses, Doubleday and Hewitson ; in the male by the first form of the female of Hypolimnas anomala,

374 L. de Nieéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

Wallaee; also Papilio butleri, Janson, in both sexes mimicks both sexes of this Huplea. The scent of Huplea linnæi reminds Dr. Martin of

“Worcester Sauce.” The males are variable; in one variety the spots onthe upperside of the forewing are violet, in another they are white. These latter specimens would appear to agree with E. mulciker, Cramer, described by him from China and the Coromandel Coast (the latter locality is certainly erroneous), but restrieted by Moore to the islands of Borneo and Billiton, My male speeimens of Trepsichrois from Borneo do not at all agree with Cramer’s figure of “ Papilio” mulciber, having the spots on the upperside of the forewing very small (muelh smaller than in typical X. linnæi) and violet, instead of large and white as portiayed by Cramer.

34, EUPLŒA CASTELNAUI, Felder.

Hagen. Never occurs in Deli, Langkat and Serdang, all the” speeimens from Sumatra—abont a dozen—in Dr. Martin’s colleetien were eanght by his brother, Dr. Fried] Martin, in Asahan, sonth of our area; still further south of Asahan, at Indragiri, where Dr. F. Martin also eolleeted, he failed to get W. castelnaui. At Penang it oeeurs close to the sea-shore, bnt it flies high and is not easily eaught. It is always solitary, several specimens are never seen together,

35. EurLæA (Calliplea) esuxus, de Nieéville, n. sp.

Grose Smith as ledereri and mazares. Hagen as ledererit. Moore as ledereri. Staudinger as mazares,

Hartat: N.-E. Sumatra.

Exraxse: g, 2'5 to29; 9,2°7 to 30 inches.

Descrierion: Marse and remave. Alied to P. (Calliplæa) mazares, Moore, from Java, bnt differing therefrom in having the UPPERSIDE of both wings almost entirely unglossed with purple, while that speeies has the anterior two-thirds of the forewing and a small pateh in the middle of the hindwing purple-glossed; the white, violet-glossed spots on both wings the same.

E. eunus, de Nieéville, from Sumatra, E. mazares, Moore, from Java, E. ledereri, Felder, from the Malay Peninsula, and F. aristotelis, Moore, from Borneo, ean be arranged in a regular series by the extent of the purple-glossing of both wings on the upperside, W. eunus being the least, 7. arislotelis the most pnrple-glossed ; the latter, indeed, if E have eorreetly identified it, having the whole of the forewing and a considerable area on the hindwing very rich irideseent purple.

This speeies is never found at high elevations, not even as high as Bindjei, but always close to the sea. It is very plentiful on

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 375

the river banks of the Wampoe near Kampong Iuei and Stabat, and is found in company with Danais hegesippus, Cramer, and Hupioa — distantii, Moore, the Danainse of the lowest elevations For twelve years Dr. Martin did not succeed in obtaining a female, only in the last two years were females found in considerable numbers by the imported Lepcha collectors from India, but that sex is always much rarer than the male.

36. Euria@a (Danisepa) DIOCLETIANUS, Fabricius.

Grose Smith as rhadamanthus. Snellen as radamanthus [sic], and rhadamanthus, Hagen as diochtianus [sic], and rhadamanthus, Hors- field [sic]. Staudinger as rhadamanthus. Distant. Moore. Mr. Moore has recently shewn that Fabricius described “ Papilio” diocletianus from a female, and “ Papilio” rhadamanthus from a male of the same species, so the earlier name applied to the species is here used irrespec- tive of the sex. Is rather a common species in the plains, and occurs in the outer hills as high as Bekantschan; the female is always much rarer than the male. The male is mimicked by Papilio velutinus, Butler, and also by the first and second forms of Euripus halitherses, Doubleday and Hewitson.

37. *EUPLŒA (Selinda) ELEUSINA, Cramer.

Snellen records a single male from Sumatra. But for this solitary identification the species has always becn considered to be confined to Java.

38. Euria@a (Salpinz) Levcostictos, Gmelin.

Grose Smith as novare. Hagen as novare. Butler as vestigzata. Distant as vestigiata. Very rare in Sumatra, perhaps commoner in Java than elsewhere. I have during many years past added to my collection every specimen of this group of Huplea I could obtain, and now that I have very extensive material to compare, I find that itis quite impossible to separate F. leucostictos, described in 1789, E. dehaunt, Lucas (1853), E. novare, Felder (1862), E. vestigiata, Butler (1866), E. leucogonys, Butler (1879), and E. lazulina, Moore (1883). The species is obviously a variable one, the variations which it exhibits are not confined to parti- cular localities, but are shewn wherever it is found. Mr. Moore in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, restricts E. novarse to the Nicobar Isles and Tenasserim, F. vestigiafa to Sumatra, H. luzulina to Malacca, E. leuco- gonys to Malacca, E. leucostictos to Java, and F. dehaani to Java. All Eupleas in Sumatra, both the brown and blue ones, even the rare E. leucostictos, are exceedingly fond of spots where there is shade from

376. L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

the direct sunlight, especially where there is dead wood, so that they may frequently be found in the open verandahs of houses near the forest, or on wooden bridges over rivers, which in Sumatra are almost always furnished with an attap roof made of palm leaves to protect the wood- work from the rain. To these places do the Hupleas resort, for a short time emerging into the sunlight and exhibiting their lovely iridescent colours, then returning to the favourite spot on wood, where they rest with folded wings ; this evidently much-enjoyed sport of the butterflies continuing the whole day till three or four o’elock in the afternoon, when the lengthening shadows warn them that it is time to retire to their resting places in the adjoining forest, where they spend the night. Tt was on one of these wooden bridges that Dr. Martin obtained his first E. lewcostictos.

39. *EurLÆA (Isamia) CHLOE, Guérin. Distant. Butler.

40. *Kupi@a (Isamia) DEIJEANI, Distant. ?

Distant. Moore. Mr. Distant expresses the opinion that this species “ May be but an extreme variety of W. chloé,’ Guérin, which latter by Mr. Moore is restricted to Province Wellesley in the Malay Peninsula. Tam also of this opinion, but keep it distinct for the present, as [ have seen no specimen agreeing exactly with Mr. Distant’s figure and deseription of F. dejeani.

41. *EurLæA (Isamia) sormia, Moore.

Originally described from Sumatra by Moore.

4+2. EvrLæA (Isamia) moyrtus, Butler.

E. ægyptus, Snellen, Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, p. 12, n. 2, pl. i, figs. 1-3, male (1592).

Grose Smith. Suellen. Hagen. Kirby. Moore. A rather rare species in the pluns, and found on the lower slopes of the hills as high as Bekantschan. The female is excessively rare. I have retained this name for the species of Isamia (I have been able to recognise only one) occurring in Sumatra, as so many authors have identified the Sumatran form of E. chloé, Guérin (which is the oldest name for the species of this group) under it. But I am very strongly of opinion that instead of four species of Isamia as recorded above occurring in Sumatra there is only one, and moreover, that several other species kept separate by Mr. Moore should be added to the synonymy.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 377 43. *HKuet@a (Narmada) consiminis, Felder.

Moore. Originally.described from Java, Unknown to us from Sumatra.

44, EurLÆæa (Narmada) martini, de Nicéville.

E. (Narmada) martinii, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 38, n. 2, pl. K, figs. 3, male; 4, female (1893).

Not uncommon in the higher mountains and on the Central Plateau, but never below 3,000 feet elevation. In this species both sexes were almost always brought in equal numbers. It is almost unrivalled in the male in the rich velvety deep black coloration of its upperside.

45. EurLæA (Stictoplea) HARRisu, Felder.

Grose Smith as tyrianthina. Hagen as thyriantina [sic]. Moore as tyrianthina. As I can exactly match Sumatran specimens of E. tyrian- thina, Moore, with Khasi Hill examples of E. harrisii, Felder, I record the species under the latter name, as it is much the older. EH. harrisii is richly blue-glossed, in spite of Mr. Moore having stated the contrary in Lepidoptera Indica, vol. i, p. 158 (1891). In Sumatra it is, as this species goes, fairly constant, though the spots on both wings as usual shew considerable variation both as to size and number. I possess sonie which coincide precisely, spot for spot, and in the extent of the blune coloration, with Mr. Moore’s figure of Stictoploea crowleyi (l.c., pl. li, fig. 2, male). For notes on the variability and synonomy of E. harrisii, see de Nicéville, Proceedings Asiatic Society Bengal, 1692, n. 158. In Sumatra it is found in the alluvial plain and also as high as Bekantschan and Kepras in the hills. The female is as usual very rare. Dr. Martin caught his first male specimen under the roof of a wooden bridge over the Bindjei river near Namoe Oekor,

46. *Eupna@a (Stictoplea) picina, Butler.

E. picina, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 280, n. 36, pl. xxx, fig. 1, male.

Butler. Moore. Originally described from Sumatra. Unknown to us. 47. *Eueta@a (Stictoplea) inconspicua, Butler.

Butler. Moore. Originally described from Sumatra, Unknown

to us.

378 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3, Subfamily SATYRINSÆ.

48. Mycaesis (Satoa) Mata, de Nicéville.

M. (Satoa) maia, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 1, n. 1, pl. i, figs. 1, male; 2, female (1894).

Grose Smith as maianeas. Snellen as majaneas [sic]. Hagen as maianeas. Occurs only in the large forest, and never at low elevations, its region commencing at Namoe Oekor and thence into the hills. It is always found on or very near to the ground. Very easily damaged, hardly ever is a perfect specimen obtained.

49, *Mycauesis (Dalapa) supra, Felder.

Moore. Not rare in Java, unknown to ns from Sumatra.

50. Mycauesis (Suralaya) orseis, Hewitson.

Grose Smith. Hagen. Snellen. Kirby. Distant. Also a true butterfly of the high forest, and is the only Sumatran Mycalesis which has a bluish gloss ou the upperside of the wings as so many forest butter- flies have ina greater or less degree, such as the Celites, Thanmantis, Ama- thuxidia dilucida, Honrath, and others ; even the Lampides of the forest, L. saturatu, Snellen, L. elpis, Godart, aud L. subdita, Moore, are far richer and decper blue than the Lampides celeno, Cramer, of the roads.

51. Mycaresis (Orsotriæna) MEDUS, Fabricius.

Hewitson as kesione. Snellen as hesione. Grose Smith as hesione. Hagen. Distant. Very common in the plains. The dry-season form of the species fonud iu many parts of Tudia, M. runeka, Moore, is quite unknown in Sumatra. Dr. Martin has bred it in Sumatra on grass, from eggs laid by females shut up iu glass prune bottles. He considers that Orsotriæna should be nsed in its full generic sense, as the larva and and pupa differ greatly from the larve and pupe of species of Calysisme and Mydosama which he has also bred from the egg laid in confinement, the larve of these subgenera also feeding on various species of grass. M. medus in Sumatra occurs all the year round, generation following generation in rapid succession. Dr. Martin notes that “ The ocelli on the underside of the wings possess in this species a quite peculiar glossy surronnding, which I know to occur only in the Indian genus Zipetes,

Hewitson.”

52. Mycavests (Calysisme) persevs, Fabricius.

Grose Smith as samba and lalassis. Hagen as blasius, var. lalassis, Hewitson. M. blastus is the wet-season, and M. persens the dry-season

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 379

form of one and the same species; the latter is not found in Sumatra. Af, lalassis is confined to Gilolo and Amboina according to Mr. Moore. Not uncommon in the plains, but occurs less freqnently than M. mineus, Linneus, and M. horsfieldii, Moore.

53. *Mycaresis (Calysisme) porypecta, Cramer.

Snellen as justina. Butler. Mr. Moore gives the ‘‘ Papilio” justina, Cramer, which was described from the Coromandel Coast of South India, as a synonym of M. polydecta, and restricts the species to Eastern, Central, and Southern India, and Ceylon. As the figure of M. justina is very similar to the wet-season form of M. mineus, Linneus, while the figure of M. polydecta reminds one at once of the recently-described J. horsfieldii, Moore, itis, I think, probable that Messrs. Snellen and Butler have incorrectly recorded this species from Sumatra. Dr. Hagen gives M. justina as a synonym of J. mineus.

54. Mycarzsis (Calysisme) MINEUS, Linneeus.

Hewitson. Grose Smith as ostrea. Hagen as drusia, and as mineus, Butler [sic]. Distant. Mr. Moore considers that both M. mitneus and M. drusia, Cramer, represent the wet-season form of one and the same species. No dry-season form of it (If. otrea, Cramer, nec M. ostrea, Westwood, which also equals the dry-season form of M. mineus), occurs in Sumatra. It is the commonest species of Mycalesis found in the island, and flies everywhere with M. medus, Fabricius, where there is grass and a little jungle for it to retire into.

55. Mycavesis (Calysisme) HORSFIELDIT, Moore.

Calysisme horsfieldii, Moore, Lep. Ind., vol. i, p. 197, pl. Ixvi, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, male, wet-season form; 2c, dry-season form (1892).

The dry- and wet-season forms of this species differ but little. I have specimens also from Nias Island and Java. M. mineus, Linneus, M. perseus, Fabricius, and M. horsfieldii all occur at the same time and place, so there can be no question of one being perhaps a seasonal form of the other. Besides, the ‘‘male-marks” of the three species differ con- siderably, that of the latter on the upperside of the hindwing being very much larger than those of the other two species. Dr. Martin has bred this species as well as M. mineus, M. ganardana, Moore, and M. anapita, Moore, from eggs laid by confined females; the larval stage of all four being very similar and not easy to be differentiated, if mixed together. J. hors- fieldti and M. anapita would not eat the common ubiquitous Graminex, so he had to give them other and rarer kinds of grass. Jf. horsfieldii is common in the plains of Sumatra, the female rarer than the male.

J. I. 48

380 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterfties of Sumatra. [No. 3,

56. Mycatzsis (Culapa) MNASICLES, Hewitson.

M. mnasicles, Hewitson, Ex. Butt., vol. iit, pl. Mycalesis v, figs. 32, 33, male (1864).

Hewitson. Grose Smith, Hagen as muasicles [sic]. Distant. Kirby. Originally described from Sumatra. Rather rare in the forests and ‘in pepper gardens; not found at so low an elevation even as Namoe Oekor, somewhat plentiful at Loeu Boentoe near the Battak frontier. This species is the largest of all the Sumatran Mycalesis, and small males only may be equalled in size by very large females of M. mineus, Linneeus, or M. orseis, Hewitson. The shape of the forewing also is very different from all our other species of the genus.

57. Mycaesis (Martanda) JANARDANA, Moore.

Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Distant. Occurs not uncommonly in the forests of the plains. The large deep velvety black spot — which isa “ male-mark’’—in and around the discoidal cell of the forewing on the upperside of the male, and the mottled underside of both wings makes this species of easy recognition. The caterpillars feed only at night. The butterfly emerges from the pupa very late in the day, not before two or three o’clock P. M., all the other species bred by Dr. Martin emerged betwecn nine and ten o’clock a.m. It flies mostly at dawn and the dusk of the evening, and is a good example of the crepus- cular habits of so many tropical butterflies.

58. *Mycatesis (Martanda) MEGAMEDE, Hewitson.

Hewitson. Grose Smith. Originally described from Ternate; Hewitson records it from Macassar in Celebes, Gilolo, Batchian, Ternate, Sumatra, Malacca and Java; Moore records it from Celebes, Gilolo and Batchian, It is unknown to us.

59. Mycaresis (Mydosama) ruscum, Felder.

Hewitson as diniche. Snellen. Grose Smith as diniche twice over. Hagen. Distant as fusca [sic]. Common in the forests at the foot of the hills and alsoin the plains, near rivers, and at Stabat. In coloration it is intermediate between the fuscous and yellow species of Afycalesis.

60. Mycavesis (Mydosama) anapita, Moore.

Hewitson. Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Common in the forests of the plains.

61. Mycaresis (Mydosama) Marcinata, Moore. Mydosama marginata, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 307. Moore. Hagen. Originally described from Sumatra. Occurs only

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterjlies of Sumatra. 381

on the Central Plateau at an elevation of not less than 3,000 feet at least. It is quite common where it is found, and is endemic to the Battak mountains.

62, Mycaresis (Mydosama) ponErtyi, Elwes.

M. dohertyi, Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 261, pl. xxvii, figs. 3, males 4, female.

Described from Perak in the Malay Peninsula. Dr. Martin obtain- ed a single male from Selesseh, and later a female from Soeka- randa, and in 1894 one pair from Bekantschan. It is one of the rarest butterflies in Sumatra, as in thirteen years’ collecting he only obtained these four specimens.

63. *Mycanesis (Mydosama) asopHis, Hewitson.

Grose Smith. Originally described from Mysol. Recorded also from New Guinea, Waigiou aad Ternate by Moore. Unknown to us,

64. Mycanesis (Loésa) oroatis, Hewitson,

Hagen as oroatis and ustulata. Mr. F. Moore allows D. surkha, Marshall, to stand for this species, in preference to L, fervida, Butler, which is an older name, being the first published. Colonel Marshall’s description of M. surkha was read before Mr. Butler’s paper was pub- lished, but that does not give priority. M. fervida, M. surkha and M. ustulata, Distant, are all synonyms of M. oroatrs, described from Java. The first two names represent dry-season, the last two wet-season forms of one and the same species. The dry-season form certainly does not occur in Sumatra, it is unknown to me if itis found in Java. M. oroatis is somewhat uncommon in the lower hills at Namoe Oekor, Namoe Tambis, and Bekantschan. It is the darkest of the yellow species of Mycalesis found in Sumatra. Females are rare.

65. *MYCALESIS MEDUSA.

Grose Smith. This species does not appear to have ever been described.

66. *MyYCALESIS BOCKII.

Grose Smith. Also apparently nondescript.

It may perhaps be here noted that all the Sumatran species of Mycalesis are very earth-loving insects, they always keep close to the ground, which they only leave for higher flights on two occasions, viz., during the wedding flight, and when two jealous males meet and fight. Mycalesis are out on rainy days when there is no sun, and give on such

382 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

days some occupation and consolation to the otherwise disappointed collector. All the species are very fond of fæces of all kinds and of sweets, and are often very numerous on pieces of sugar-cane which the natives have thrown away after removing all the sweet juice possible by mastication or otherwise, They are also very partial to the red saliva of the betel-chewing natives.

67. Nerortna Lowi, Doubleday and Hewitson.

Hewitson as Cyllo lowit. Grose Smith. Snellen as Hipio low. Hagen as Hipio lowit. Staudinger. Distant. Kirby. Occurs only in the lower hills and is not very common, and when caught is nearly always in a damaged condition. They are very fond of the juice of some forest trees, which give forth this liquid when the bark is cut or wounded. Every observer who has seen it flying has noted its strong likeness to Papilio helenus, Linnæus, This, however, is not a case of mimicry but of accidental resemblance only, as P. helenus is not a protected butterfly. Dr. Martin considers that in its shape and habits it is very near to the genus Melanitis, being only a gigantic form of the genus.

68. ÅMNXOSIA EUDAMIA, Grose Smith.

A. eudamia, Grose Smith, Nat. Wand. East. Arch., p. 275 (1885). A, martini, Honrath, Berl. Ent Zeit., vol. xxxvi, p. 489 (1891).

Grose Smith as decora and endumia. Snellen as decora. Hagen as decora. ‘The late Professor Westwood originally described the genus Amnosia, and placed it in the subfamily Nymphaline immediately before Cyrestis, Kirby and Staudinger retain it in the same position. The late Dr. Schatz placed it between Stibochiona and Hestina. Dr. Hagen has struck out an independent course, and places it in the subfamily Amathusiine, between Enispe and Clerome. I am of opinion that it should come into the subfamily Satyrinw near to the genus Neorina. The presence of ocelli in the subfamily Nymphalinz is rare, and when found in such genera as Precis, Junonia, Apatura, Cynthia, Rhinopalpa, Doleschallia, Kallima, &c., differ in character from the ocelli found in the Satyrine. The yellow form of female of A. eudamia agrees strikingly in shape, facies, and its naked eyes with Neorina hilda, Westwood, the type of the genus, having the veins of the forewing non-swollen at the base, and a broad oblique yellow band across the disc of that wing. Tn these features it also strongly resembles Melanitis amabilis, Boisduval, from New Guinea. Ammnosia differs from Melanitis, however, in having the ~ second median nervule of the hindwing arising at the end of the dis- coidal cell, instead of well before the end; in this it agrees with Neorina. Ammnosia differs from Neorinw in the direction of the disco-cellu- lar nervules of the forewing ; and in having the second median nervule of

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 383

that wing arising at the lower end of the cell instead of long before the end. All the genera of the Amathustinse have to my eyes a facies peculiar to themselves not seen in Ammnosia; besides which in all the genera except Xanthotænia the discoidal cell of the hindwing is open or only partially closed, in the Satyrinæ it is closed entirely, Ammnosia therein agreeing with the latter. The genus at present contains four species, A. decora, Doubleday and Hewitson, from Java, A. eudamia, Grose Smith, from Sumatra, A. baluana, Fruhstorfer, from North Borneo, and A. decorina, Fruhstorfer, from Nias. The male of A. eu- damia differs from that sex of A, decora in having the oblique blue band on the upperside of the forewing broader, paler, and of a more silvery hue. The female of A. ewdamia is dimorphic, one form having the band yellow, the other having it white; specimens somewhat inter- mediate between these two forms, the band being yellowish-white, are sometimes obtained. Dr. Martin informs me that he has received both forms of A. decora from Java also. He took the first white females of A. eudamia ever obtained to Europe in 1889, from them the late Herr Honrath created the species Amnosia martini, not being aware that Mr. Henley Grose Smith had already described the species from speci- mens obtained by Mr. Henry O. Forbes. Dr. Martin captured his first specimens himself in 1889 in Deli, south of Kampong Roemah Kenang- kong. It occurs also in the forests at high elevations south of Bekant- schan, in the Battak mountains, and on the Central Plateau, but is by no means common, as is the Javan species, so Mr. Fruhstorfer informs us, in suitable localities.

69. CŒLITES EPIMINTHIA, Westwood.

Grose Smith. Hagen. Distant. Kirby. Rare, and occurs in dense forests only as high as Namoe Oekor.

70. Catites HUMILIS, Butler.

Grose Smith as euptychoides [sic]. Hagen as euptychoides [sic]. Very rare, Dr. Martin has obtained two or three specimens only. It may be known from the C. euptychioides of Felder, which is apparently confined to Borneo, by the female being devoid of all ultramarine-blue coloration on the upperside of the hindwing. The pupils of the ocelli on the underside of all the species of the genus are of a lovely iridescent blue colour which is only visible in some lights. This is also the case in the allied genus Ptychandra, Felder, from the Philipines,

71. *Ca.ires NOTHIS, Doubleday and Hewitson.

Hagen. This rare species was described from “East India.’ M. Charles Oberthür possesses two males and a female, and there is a

384 L. de Nieéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

female in the British Museum ; these are all the known speeimens. Its preeise habitat is unknown.

In Sumatra the species of Celites are inhabitants of dense virgin forests, are very shy, but settle often, and can only be captured by ap- proaehing them most gently and earefully. They always rest with folded wings, and are not easily seen on the dark ground covered with leaves of all shades in the dim recesses of the forest. Their shyness and the difficulty of diseovering and capturing them may be the real reason why they are so seldom met with in colleetions. Dr. Martin is of opinion that Neorina lowii, Doubleday and Hewitson, is a gigantice Melanitis, so he would call the speeies of Cozlites the Melanitis of the forest. Being true forest inseets they exhibit a beautiful glossy blue eolour (confer Mycalesis orseis, Hewitson, ante No. 50).

72. Lerue (Nemetis) MINERVA, Fabrieius.

Hewitson as arcadia. Grose Smith as arcadia. Snellen as arcadia. Kirby. Apparently very rare in North-Easteru Sumatra, Dr. Martin having obtained one speeimen only from the mountains. It is far less rare in Java.

73. Letae (Debis) mexara, Moore.

Hewitson. Grose Smith. Hagen. Semper. Snellen. Common everywhere in the plains, in the mountains, and even on the Central Plateau; the specimens from the mountains have the yellowish-red colour on the upperside of the hindwing more extensive than those from the plains. The inseet is always met with near bamboos, on whieh the larva feeds, and is even very eommon in Bindjei.

74. Letne (Debis) cuanpica, Moore.

Hagen. Very rare, in the higher mountains and on the Central Plateau. Dr. Martin has not obtained more than ten or twelve speei- mens during his long sojourn in the island.

75. Lerne (Debis) DARENA, Felder.

L. darena, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 40, n. 3, pl. K, fig. 7, male (1893).

Very rare in the Battak mountains, and not found below 3,000 feet elevation. Dr. Martin wishes to add :—“ I cannot lose this opportunity to present my complimeuts to my friend Mr. Lionel de Nieéville for his extraordinary entomologieal knowledge and keen insight in having seen only the drawing of the very different female of Lethe darena in Dr. Felder’s Reise Novara, Lepidoptera, and from that being able to deter-

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin —Butterflies of Sumatra. 385

mine the first male obtained by me, which I took to him on paying my first visit to Darjiling, after I had had the animal returned to me as undeterminable from Berlin. Afterwards I sent collectors especially to the monntains to obtain females, when de Nicéville’s identification was splendidly confirmed. As far as I am aware, no specimens from Java, from whence this species was first obtained, have been recorded since the female was described by Dr. Felder. L. darena is doubtless one of the rarest, as well as one of the most beautiful, if not the most beautiful, species in this large genus.”

76. LETRE EUROPA, Fabricius.

Snellen. Hagen as europa and arete. Distant. Occurs in nearly the same localities as L. mekara, Moore, and has the same habits but is considerably rarer, especially the female. Dr. Hagen records both L. europa and L. arete, Cramer, from Sumatra. The latter, according to Mr. F. Moore, is found in the Sula islands and Amboina only, while L. arcuata, another allied species described by Butler, is confined to Celebes.

77. LETHE rower, Fabricius.

Snellen. Hagen. A common species, but confined to the Central Plateau of the Battak mountains.

78. *Yprarma CEYLONICA, Hewitson.

Elwes. Unknown to us from Sumatra. It occurs on the eastern coast of India (Orissa and Ganjam), in South India, and in Ceylon.

79. YPTHIMA BALDUS, Fabricius.

Hewitson. Grose Smith. Hagen as methora, Fabricius [sic]. Elwes. Probably the commonest species of Ypthima in the plains and found everywhere. The larva feeds on the same ubiquitous Graminee as Mycalesis mineus, Linneus. Dr. Hagen evidently followed Mr. W. L. Distant in Rhop. Malay., who described and figured this species erro- neously under the name of Y, methora, Hewitson. No species of Ypthima presents dry-season forms in Sumatra, all are strongly ocellated.

80. YpTHIMA IARBA, de Nicéville.

Y. iarba, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 18, n. 4, pl. R, figs. 7, male; 8, female (1895).

Very rare, in all Dr. Martin has not obtained more than a dozen specimens. It is of large size, 1-6 to 1°8 inches in expanse, and has five ocelli only on the hindwing, a pair at the anal angle, a pair in the median interspaces, and a single one in the upper subcostal interspace.

386 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No, 3,

81. YPTHIMA PHILOMELA, Johanssen.

Snellen as hübneri. Hagen as hiibneri. Distant as hiibnert. Com- mon everywhere in the plains like Y, baldus, Fabricius. I follow Mr. Moore in my identification of this species (Lep. Indica, vol. ii, p. 74, pl. cx, fig. 4, male (1893), which he records from Sumatra. Itis of small size, has six ocelli in pairs on the underside of the hindwing, and has an inconspicuous patch of androconia on the upperside of the forewing. The Y. huebneri of Kirby, under which name the present species has apparently been recorded by three writers from Sumatra, is quite a distinct species, with no “ male-mark,” aud with four ocelli only placed one and three, and does not appear to occur in the island. The Y. tabella of Marshall, from South India and Burma, of which the type specimen is in my collection, appears to me to be the same as Y. philomela of Johanssen. Mr. Elwes in his monograph of the genus Ypthima places the ‘ Papilio” philomela, Johanssen, asa synonym of Y. baldus, Fabricius, but with a query. He gives Y. tubellu as a certain synonym of Y. baldus. Nowhere does Mr. Elwes refer to the Y. philomela of Linneus. All Mr. Moore says about it is that itis quite distinct from Y. hiibneri, Kirby, and has six ocelli on the hindwing disposed in three pairs (Lep. Ind., vol. ii, p. 81). I am, therefore, quite inthe dark as to how Y. philomela, Johanssen, and Y. philomela, Linneus, are supposed to differ. Mr. Moore gives the Y. philomela of Hiibner as a synonym of Y. huebneri, Kirby.

82. Ypruima panpoces, Moore.

Snellen. Hagen. Distant as corticaria. Occurs in Sumatra only on the Central Plateau of the Battak mountains at an elevation of not less than 3,000 feet. Mr. Moore retains Y. corticaria, Butler, asa distinct species; I quite agree with Mr. Elwes in placing it as a synonym of Y. pandocus. Mr. Distant treats Y. corticarta as a “ var.” of Y. pandocus.

83. YPTHIMA FASCIATA, Hewitson.

Hewitson. Grose Smith. Distant. Kirby. Elwes. Decidedly rare, occurs only in the forests of the lower hills rarely at Namoe Oekor, but never at a lower elevation. Like the species of Mycalesis all the species of Ypthima are not as fond of the sun as most other butterflies, and fly on rainy days. They are partial to flowers, and will even go to high shrubs when in blossom, which Mycalesis will never do.

S4. Raaapta crista, Hübner.

Hewitson. Snellen. Hagen. Distant. A common species in the plains and is found not onlyin the large ana high forests, but also in young and not very high jungle with the ground covered with grass which

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr, L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 387

it prefers. Often met with in pepper gardens; plentiful at Batoe Gadjah near the Begoemit river. It hasa very weak flight, often settles, and is easily captured. It is very variable in both the shade of the ground-colour of the upperside and the extent of the white on the underside, some specimens having the white bands fully twice as broad as others.

85. *RAGADIA MAKUTA, Horsfield.

Mr. Moore records R. crisia, Hübner, from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo, and R. makuta, Horsfield, from Sumatra and Java. I have an extensive eeries of Ragadias from all these localities, and while these specimens shew great variation in the colour of the ground and the respective width of the bands, it appears to me obvious that they all represent one species. Until the publication of vol. ii of Mr. Moore’s “Lepidoptera Indica,” p. 113 (1893), R. makuta was always given as a synonym of R. crisia, and Mr. Moore in that work does not give his reasons for separating them.

86. ERrITES ELEGANS, Butler.

Hagen. The rarest of the three Sumatran species of the genus.

87. ERITES ARGENTINA, Butler.

Grose Smith as madura [sic]. Hagen. Somewhat rare.

88. ERITES ANGULARIS, Moore.

Hewitson as madura [sic], var. The commonest species of the genus occurring in Sumatra. W. medura, Horsfield, is confined, as far as our present knowledge extends, to Java and Palawan in the Philippines. All the species of Hrites are true forest butterflies, and they are not only fuund in the large virgin forests, but also in younger jungle with plenty of grass under foot. At an elevation of 1,200 feet they disappear. On the wing they remind one of Magadia, as they also have a very weak flight, and often settle with closed wings. Itisa very interesting fact that in such a relatively small area as are the districts of Deli, Langkat, and Serdang, three quite distinct species of this rather small genus should be found. (Confer de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lxii, pt. 2, p. 1 (18938). i

89. MELANITIS ISMENE, Cramer.

Hewitson as Cyllo leda. Suellen as Cyllo leda. Hagen as ledu and ismene. Distant as leda and ismene. The dry-season form (ismene) and wet-season form (determinatu, Butler), occur together at the same time

J. n., 49

888 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

and at all seasons of the year, but are most plentiful in the rainy-season from October to January in rice-fields, on which the larva feeds, as well as on certain coarse species of grass. It is delightful to a lepidopterist who loves insects alive in their native haunts as well as dead, dried, and pinned in his cabinets to see two males fighting together and flying up very high into the air, then returning with periodical regular move- ments to the spots from whence they started. As this happens mostly after sunset, the silhouettes of the insects are very sharp and clear against the golden evening sky of the tropics. In consequence of the well-known habit of Melanitis to be on the wing before sunrise and after sunset, it sometimes comes into the lighted open verandahs of the houses—quite a stranger amongst a crowd of moths and insects of all ordcrs.

90. MELANITIS BELA, Moore.

Hagen as suyudana. Scmper as suyuduna. Decidedly rare, and has nearly the same habits as M. ismene, Cramer, but prefers small jungle rather than the borders of fields, gardens, &c. Like Neorina lowi?, Doubleday and Hewitson, it is exceedingly fond of the sap from certain trees. Dr. Hagen has quite correctly observed that in the early morning hours M. bela is still earlier on the wing than M. ismene, and that it has already retircd to rest as that species and some Mycalesis appear. M. bela occurs under two forms :—the one which corresponds to the wet-season form of the species in India (aswa, Moore), has the upperside of the wings in the male velvety-black, with the apex of the forewing but very shghtly angulated ; the other, which corresponds to the dry-scason form of the species in India (true bela), has the upper- side of the wings in the male mach paler, of a rusty-brown hue, often with subapical spots in the forewing on the upperside, with the apex of the wing strongly angulated. The first of these forms equals M. abdullz, Distant, the second M. suywdana, Moore. Mr. Moore in Lep. Ind., vol. ji, p. 137, continues to keep the two last-named species distinct, and records it from Sumatra under the name of M. suwyudana, but as I possess good series of both from the localities whence they were des- cribed, I have no hesitation in sinking them both as synonyms of M. bela.

91. Mevanit's ZITENIUS, Herbst.

Distant. The rarest species of the genus occurring in Sumatra, and found only at the higher elevations from 500 to 2,000 feet. In thirteen years Dr. Martin has obtained a dozen specimens perhaps.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 389 Subfamily ELYMNIINÆ.

92, ELYMNIAS NIGRESCENS, Butler.

Hagen. I have found great difficulty in identifying satisfactorily the common species of Hlymazas of the wndularis group occurring in Sumatra. Mr. Distant seems to have had similar difficulty with the Malay Peninsula species, vide Rhop. Malay., p. 61. E. nigrescens was des- cribed by Butler from Sarawak, Borneo, both sexes are described and one is figured, but it is not stated whether that figure was taken from a male or a female, but probably the latter. I have nothing very like it from Sumatra or Borneo. Distant figures two female specimens from the Malay Peninsula, which were presumably compared with the types, besides which Mr. Butler himself records E. nigrescens from the Malay Peninsula. Our specimens agree very fairly with Distant’s two figures, so I have adopted the name hc uses for it. The males have sometimes no blue coloration on the upperside of the forewing whatever, sometimes there is a more or less complete series of marginal spots, which are most prominent at the apex of the wing. The hindwing is usually immaculate, but sometimes there is a marginal series of whitish spots. The female is very similar to the male, but the ground-colouy ur: the upperside is paler and more reddish, and the blue spots are usually more prominent. Sumatran specimens of both sexes are frequently smaller and duller- coloured than specimens from the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. No orange form of female (FE. undularis, Drury, from India; F. tinctoria, Moore, from Burma; FE. fraterna, Butler, from Ceylon; E. discrepans, Dis- tant, from the Malay Peninsula; and E. protogenia, Cramer, from Java) is ever found in Sumatra. This species is by far the commonest of the subfamily occurring in the island, and is found in the plains all the year round in ever succeeding generations. The larva feeds on the rattan cane, and doubtless on various species of palms also.

93. *EnymMniAs LEUCOCYMA, Godart.

Hagen as leucocyma, Godardt [sic]. This species was described from males from Java, and is evidently very closely allied to E. undularis, Drury, from India. May not E. leucocyma be a synonym of E. protoge- nia, Cramer? It is doubtful if two distinct species of this group are found in Java. Dr. Hagen records two species of Elymnias of this group from Sumatra, but I have only seen one, which, however, is decidedly variable, but cannot in my opinion be split up into separate species.

94. ELYMNIAS LUTESCENS, Butler.

Grose Smith as panthera. Hagen. Butler. Distant. Kirby,

390 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

Staudinger as panthera, Fabricius, var. lutescens, Butler. Wallace. Very rare in the forests of the plains and as high as Namoe Oekor. This insect is perhaps not really as rare as it appears to be; as it greatly resembles on the wing a brown Huplea, it probably often from this cause escapes the notice of the collector.

95. ELYMNIAS para, Distant.

E. dara, Distant, Ann, and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. xix, p. 50, n. 86 (1887).

This species was described from Northern Borneo. An allied spe- cies is the Æ. albofasciata, Staudinger, fiom Palawan in the Philippine Isles, described in Iris, vol. ii, p. 39 (1859). We have not had the opportunity of comparing F. dara and E. albofasciata from typical localities, but a female of the latter from Palawan kindly sent to me by Dr, Staudinger agrees exactly with Sumatran specimens of the same sex. The Burmese species, W. dædalion, de Nicéville, is certainly distinct from the Sumatran and Philippine form which we here identify as E. dara, but whether it is separable from F. dara from Borneo we cannot say. It is very rare in Sumatra, and has been brought in from the Gayoe and Battak mountains from high elevations only.

96. Tysntas (Melynias) varsipis, de Nicéville, n. sp.

Grose Smith as lais. Hagen as lais, Horsfield and Moore [sic]. Wallace as lais. Distant as lais.

Hasrat: N.-H. Sumatra.

Expanse: &, 29 to 3°3; 9, 3°5 to 3°7 inches.

Description: Mate. Very similar to Æ. lais, Cramer, from Nias, Java, and Borneo. Fesare. In general appearance very similar to the same sex of FE. malelus, Hewitson, from Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam, and Burma, the wings being greatly elongated, and the forewing on the UPPERSIDE having the apical half strongly washed with purple.

I possess a single female only of F. lais from Java, from which the female of E. laisidis differs in its more elongated forewing glossed with purple on the upperside. Dr. A. R. Wallace has des- cribed but not named the Sumatran form of F. lars in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 325, n. 11. ŒE. laisidis occurs nearly always near human habitations, and Dr. Martin feels sure that the larva feeds on bamboos, as the females are always seen flying along the bamboo hedges surround- ing the gardens of Malay houses. It occurs most commonly in Decem- ber and January, and in some years (1892 and 1893) was unusually abundant, being seen almost in swarms. In India the allied F. timandra, Wallace, bas been noted in the Khasi Hills of Assam occurring in

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 391

thousands in some years in a similar manner. In other years F. laisidis is very rare, and then found near the sea coast (at Laboean) commoner than higher up. The female, on the vivid blue coloration of the upper- side of the forewing of which the species is mainly based, is undoubtedly a very splendid mimic of Huploea linnæi, Moore.

97. Enymuutas (Melynias) ceryxoipsEs, de Nicéville.

E. (Melynias) ceryxoides, de Nicéville, Journ. Romb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 22, n. 7, pl. S, fig. 13, male (1895).

Grose Smith as ceryx. Hagen as ceryx. Occurs only on the Central Plateau at not less than 3,000 feet elevation, and similarly to E. laisidis is found in June and July, but chiefly in December and January. Dr. Martin’s brother, Dr. F. Martin, took it on the southern extremity of the Toba Lake near Batoe Gadjah, which is higher than the platean.

98. Exyunras (Melynias) urinyzs, de Nicéville.

E. (Melynias) erinyes, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. x, p. 19, n. 5, pl. R, figs. 9, male; 10, female (1895).

A very rare species found only in the high forest at Selesseh and up to the lower slopes of the hills at Bekantschan, and in the Battak mountains in September. Dr. Martin has obtained three specimens only. It is nearly allied to E. casiphone, Hübner, more closely to E. kamara, Moore.

99. Exyuntas (Melynias) pournu, de Nicéville.

E. (Melynias) dohrnii, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Boc., vol. x, p. 21, n. 6, pl. S, fig. 12, male (1895).

This species was described from a single male obtained in September, 1894, at Bohorok near the Battak frontier by Herr M. Ude, the European collector of Dr. H. Dohrn of Stettin. As Bohorok is on the way to the Gayoe and Allas countries, it is possible that this Hlymnias may occur there more plentifully, as these regions are quite unknown. It is allied to E. patna, Westwood.

100. Enymntas (Bruasa) SUMATRANA, Wallace.

Wallace. Kirby. Grose Smith as swmatrana and penanga. Hagen as penanga, Westwood, var. sumatrana. Originally described from Sumatra. A very rare species, It occurs in March in the forests near the sea together with Huplea eunus, de Nicéville. The female may be con- sidered to be one of the rarest butterflies of our region; in all the time Dr. Martin was in Sumatra he only obtained three specimens, one of

392 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

which he caught himself in a forest near the Saentis Estate, not more than two miles from the sea.

101. Exysnias (Bruasa) ABRISA, Distant.

Very rare in the high forest near Selesseh in July and at Namoe Oekor. Both sexes are described by Mr. Distant, and the male is figured. We have seen only seven female specimens. But for the fact that Mr. Distant describes the male, we wouid certainly have considered this species to be a dimorphic form of the female of H. sumatrana, Wallace.

102. Enynunias (Agrusia) esacorvEs, de Nicéville.

Dyctis esacoides, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 323, n. 2, pl. H, fig. 2, male (1892).

Exceedingly rare, three specimens only have been obtained, one in the forest near Selesseh in July, two from the lower hills. All the rarer species of Hlymnias havea soft weak flight and settle often with folded wings. They are very fond of shadowy spots and of rest, and once settled they remain for a long time, leaving their resting places only when frightened or driven away. As they all rest with shut wings they are in this position much less couspicuous than when on the wing.

Subfamily AMATHUSIINE.

103. ZEUXIDIA AMETHYSTUS, Butler.

Hagen. Kirby. Butler. Distant. Staudinger. Rare; found only in dense virgin forests like all the rest of the genus not at a lower eleva- tion than Bekantschan in September. It occurs higher in the hills than any other Zeuzidia. The female has the macular band on the upperside, of the forewing ochreous-white.

104. ZEUXIDIA NICEVILLE!, Fruhstorfer. Z. nicévillet, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach., vol. xxi, p. 196 (1895).

Fruhstorfer. Described as being a local form of Z. doubledait, Westwood. The latter was described from a female specimen from “India,” and is somewhat roughly figured in the Genera of Diurn. Lep. on pl. lii, fig. 1. Distant figures both sexes and records it from Penang and Perak. Moore records it from Penang. I have compared both sexes from Perak with both sexes from Sumatra, and Sumatra females with Hewitson’s original figure, and can discover no differences what- ever. Herr Fruhstorfer has recently been to London and has probably compared his types of Z. nicévillei with the type of Z. dowbledait, so

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 393

on his authority I maintain the species as distinct. In Sumatra Z. nicé- ville’ is rather more common than Z. amethystus, Butler, and it occurs at Bekantschan and Selesseh in June and August, and even at Batang Serangan, still nearer the sea; also in Asahan. The female has the macular band on the upperside of the forewing violet-white.

105. * ZEUXIDIA LUXxERII, Hübner.

Grose Smith as Amathusia [sic] luxerii. Only known to us from Java, where it is the commonest species in the genus.

106. Zeoxtp1a (Amaxidia) AURELIUS, Cramer.

Grose Smith as Amathusia [sic] aurelius. Staudinger. Kirby. Dis- tant. This species was originally figured and described by Cramer from a female obtained on the west coast of Sumatra. Occurs from Selesseh to Bekantschan and even higher in May and September; is rarer than the other species of the genus. The female often measures six and a half inches across the wings, and is one of the largest-known Rhopalocera in total wing area. The female has the band on the upperside of the forewing white. All Zeuwidias are only met with in large high forest near small streams, on whose borders there are usually some bamboos, on the leaves of which most probably the larva feeds. They fly rapidly but settle often,.but always in a dense mass of branches and stems of bushes, so that they are very difficult to secure. The best way to collect them is to place rotten plantain fruit (pisangs or bananas) along the streams they haunt, to which they will come. The males of all our Zeuwidias are true inhabitants of the forest, and exhibit rich blue colours on the upperside. When settled with closed wings their very great resemblance to dead leaves on the underside makes them very difficult to distingnish amongst the true dead leaves which always and at all seasons strew the forests in the tropics. In South-East Borneo (Bandjermassin) all species of Zewxidia appear to be far commoner than they are in Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Burma. Out of 1,000 specimens of butterflies Dr. Martin received from thence, 200 were three species of Zeuaxidia.

107. AMATHUXIDIA DILUCIDA, Honrath.

Occurs only in high forest in July, and is found up to the elevation of Bekantschan. Very rare, Dr. Martin obtained five specimens only in thirteen years; one pair from Aer Kesoengeiin Asahan. It has the same habits as Zeuxidia, and is difficult to secure.

108. AMATHUSIA PHIDIPPUS, Johanssen.

Grose Smith. Snellen. Semper. Distant. Hagen. It sometimes

394 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

does great damage to the beautiful gieen leaves of the young cocoa-nut palins, Cocos nucifera, Linnæus, on which the larva feeds, and which after some while present the appearance of ugly dried-up brushes. The larva also ate the leaves of other palms in Dr. Martin’s gardeu at Bindjei, for instance the African oil palm and the common Palmyra or fan-leaf palm. The caterpillars live socially when young, but separate after changing their last skin. They are green with reddish-brown hairs. The larva of a large Skipper, Hidari irava, Moore, feeds at the same time on the leaves of Cocos nucifera, and the two spccics often have a severe struggle to live together, in which the more robust hesperid, which secures a shelter for itself by spinning the leaves together, is generally victorious. The pupa is uniform light green, and hangs per- pendicularly on horizontal leaves. The butterfly appears most commonly in December and January, after which time only single specimens are scen. In the daytime it is only found in places where there is deep shade, it never ventures ont into the open sunlight, but is most active after sunset, and like Melanitis comes sometimes to the lamps. In its prediliction for shade it often enters houses and sheds. It is a very variable species.

109. AMATHUSIA SCHOENBERGI, Honrath.

A. schénbergi, Wonrath, Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., vol. xxxi, p. 347, pl. vi, fig. 1, male (1887).

This species was originally described from Tanyong Malim, Perak, Malay Peninsula. It appears to be a distinct species, while A. ochraceo- fusca, Honrath, and A. phidippus, var. perakana, Honrath, both from Perak, secm only to be varietal forms of A. phidippus, Johanssen. It is the Amathusia of the forest, as it occurs only in high forest from Selesseh to Bckantschan. As in the forests there are no cocoa-nut trees, that palm being nearly domesticated, A. phidippus does not occur there, but is replaced by the far finer and deeper-coloured A. schoenbergr. Dr. Martin’s Javan collector Saki observed a female of this species deposit- ing eggs on Areca nibong, which palm only grows in the forest, and there is not any doubt that the larva of A. schoenbergi feeds on this plant, ronnd groups of which Dr. Martin always noticed the imagines flying. It is, however, a very rare species.

110. THAUMANTIS ODANA, Godart.

Grose Smith. Hagen as klugius. Staudinger. Distant. The com- moncst species of the genus in Sumatra, next to T. lucipor, Westwood ; it is found from Bekantschan to Soengei Batoc, and is thercfore the most alpine specics of the genus.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 295

111. Taavmantis (Kringana) NOUREDDIN, Westwood.

Occurs at the lowest elevations and nearest the sea of all the species in the genus, as nearly all specimens obtained by Dr. Martin came from Kampong Stabat, and were caught in forests on both sides of the Wampoe River. He also obtained one pair as far south as Asahan.

112. THAUMANTIS (Kringana) LUCIPOR, Westwood.

The commonest of the three Sumatran species of the genus. It appears as low down as Bindjei, and is found as high as Namoe Oekor. Dr. Martin caught his first specimen of this species, a female, in June, 1888, at 7-30 p. m., flying along the white walls of his hospital so that he could just distinguish it to be a butterfly. In this species the blue reflections of the male on the upperside of both wings are so richly bril- liant and powerful that in opening the wings of a closed specimen the pinchers used are strongly coloured with blue like the wings. All Thau- mantides are inhabitants of the high virgin forest. They all like shade, and are on the wing very late after sunset. All are fond of the ripe fallen fruit of the Sumatran sugar-palm (Arenga saccharifera) on which they regale themselves in the shadow of the tree. They rest with closed wings, and only display their rich blue coloration when on the wing.

113. *TENARIS BIRCHI, Distant.

Originally described from Singapore. Recently taken by Dr. Hagen in Mandaheling, a Malay state in Western Sumatra.

114. DiscopHora NECHO, Felder.

Hagen as necho, Felder, var. cheops, Felder. Staudinger as cheops. Semper as cheops. I described this species as D. dis (Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vii, p. 325, n. 3, pl. H, fig. 3, male (1892). D. necho is a common species, and is found also in Java and Borneo. Semper records D. celinde, Cramer [should be Stoll] as well as D. necho from Sumatra. As D. celinde was described from Java where D. necho also occurs undoubtedly, it may be that both D. celinde and D. necho occur also in Sumatra. Amathusia phidippus, Joh- anssen, is the commonest, and D. necho the next commonest species of the subfamily in Sumatra. The males are very fond of fre- quenting fæces on roads, from which they fly into the jungle when disturbed, but return again as soon as danger is past. The females are much rarer, and only fly in the evening after sunset and then only very high up in the air, so that they can hardly.be distinguished from

J. u. 50

396 UL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

Melanitis, Amathusia and Thawmantzis flying at the same time. Only when they come down to rest, or to deposit their eggs are they eaught. The larva feeds on different Graminex, Dr. Martin has found them even on the famous Lalang grass (Imperata arundinacea), and on the sugar- cane (Saccharum officinale). The larve always keep in pairs, never more than two together; they rest with the head downwards, and eat the lower portions of the leaves on whieh they rest. The pupa is quite green, and is very similar to that of A. phidippus. D. necho is not found at a higher elevation than Bekantsehan. It is pro- bable that D. necho, Felder, D. cheops, Felder, and D. dis, de Nieéville, from Java, Borneo and Sumatra respectively, all represent a single species, of which the first-named is the oldest.

115. DISCOPHORA sonpaica, Boisduval.

Hagen. Distant. Dr. Hagen records D. tullia, Cramer, as well as this species from Sumatra, but aecording to Mr. Moore, D. tullia is con- fined to China, especially to Hongkong. In all Dr. Hagen records four species of Discophora from Sumatra; we know two only. It is found at lower elevations than D. necho, Felder, not much higher than Bindjei, where it is not uncommon near bamboo hedges. The females as usnal in the genus are much rarer than the males. Dr. Martin obtained his first female from a pupa which he found near the manager’s house of the Bekalla Estate under the roof of a small attap shed on the riverside near a thicket of bamboos. The female is mueh more beautiful than the same sex of D. necho, which has only a broad oblique yellow band across the forewing on the upperside.

116. Entspe evtHymivs, Doubieday.

Hagen as eutymius [sic]. Sumatran specimens resemble the dark form of this species found in Assam and Burma which has been named E. tessellata by Mr. Moore, but which is certainly not a distinet species, as it is found in some localities with, and grades impereeptibly into, the typical form. Its occurrenee in Sumatra while apparently absent from the Malay Peninsula is an interesting fact in geographieal dis- tribution. It is everywhere rare, and in Sumatra is found only on the Central Plateau, and is occasionally brought in by the Battak eollec-. tors. Dr. Hagen states that he has always obtained this species together with Limenitis bockii, Moore, which is a curious coincidence.

117. CLEROME ARCESILAUS, Fabricius.

Grose Smith. Snellen. Hagen. Distant. The commonest species of the genus in Sumatra as elsewhere.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 597

118. Crerome KIRATA, de Nicéville.

C. kirata, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 344, n. 2, pl. F, fig. 3, male (1891).

The rarest of the three Sumatran species of the genus, and found in the same localities as CO. arcesilaus, Fabricius. I have no difficulty in distinguishing the species, though Colonel Swinhoe fails to recognise it, vide his remarks on C. arcesilaus in Trans. Eut. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 276, n. 77. The male was chiefly defined by a difference in the prebensores, but the superior width of the dark bands on the underside of both wings, and the anal half of the hindwing being very much darker than the same area in Ọ. arcesilaus will enable one to distinguish the species superficially without recourse to au anatomical investiga- tion, The female has the ground-culour on the underside of both wings much lighter than in O. arcesilans, and all the bands consequently more prominent ; they are also much wider.

119. CLEROME GRAcrILIs, Butler.

Hagen as gracilis. OC. gracilis is met with somewhat higher than Č. arcesilaus, Fabricius, and is also rarer than that species. All the species of Clerome are true insects of the virgin forest, never leave the ground for a high flight, and prefer to settle on the bare soil or on a dead and discoloured leaf than on living green leaves or shrubs. They rest with folded wings, and fly only for short distances, and then again settle. No species occurs at a higher elevation than Bekantschan, nor nearer the sea than Bindjei.

120, XANTHOTENIA BUSIRIS, Westwood.

Hagen. Grose Smith as Clerome [sic] busirts. Butler. Distant. Found from Bindjei to Bekantschan. Like Clerome it is a true inhabitant of the forest, but has a higher and longer flight than species of that genus and is not so easily caught, as it is always chang- ing the direction of its flight. Itis fond of newly cut ditches through the forest, along which it may always be found.

Subfamily ACRÆINÆA.

121. Paresa vestita, de Nicéville, n. sp. Acrza vesta, Snellen (nec Fabricius), Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, p. 18, n. 1 pl. ii, figs. 3—5, female (1892). Snellen as terpsichore, Linneus [sic], and vesta. Hagen as vesta. Hasar: N.-E. Sumatra. Expanse: g, 2°0 to 2°5; 9, 2°4 to 2°5 inches. Desceiprtion: Mare and FEMALE. UPrersipz, both wings differ

398 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No.3,

from A. vesta, Fabricius, from the Himalayas, Assam, Upper Burma and Java in having the ground-colour more ochreous (less tawny), and allthe veins more heavily defined with black. Forewing has a broad costal black margin reaching the subcostal nervure; the outer margin has the black border nearly twice as broad, with the marginal series of spots of the ground-colour obsolete or entirely absent. MHindwing has the black margin much broader, with the yellow marginal spots very much smaller. UNDERSIDE, both wings differ only in having all the veins more strongly defined with black.

Occurs only on the Central Plateau, where it appears to swarm to the same extent as the allied species does in Sikhim and elsewhere. Dr. Martin has had the larva and pupa brought to him by his collec- tors. It flies all the year round, and there is often an over population, after which it becomes somewhat scarce for a while till it recovers itself aud again becomes common.

Subfamily NYMPHALINE.

122. ERGOLIS ARIADNE, Linneeus.

Snellen. Wallace. Hagen. Distant. This species may be known from the one that follows by its richer brighter tawny coloration, by the outer margin of both wings being much more irregular, and in the male by the “ wale-mark”’ present on the underside of the forewing, which, in this species, is a solid shining deep black patch reaching from near the inner margin to the third median nervule. Its larva feeds ou the stinging creeper, Tragia involucrata. The butterfly is only found in the forest from Bindjei to Bekantschan, and always near its food plant. It has a low flight, only males when fighting fly high in the air.

123, Ercouis 1s£us, Wallace. E. iseus, Wallace, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 333, n. 4.

Wallace. Kirby. Hagen as taprobana. Distant. Nearly allied to but quite distinct from E. merione, Cramer. The outer margin of both wings is much more even and regular than in the preceding species, and the coloration is duller and darker. The “ male-mark ” is in a simi- lar position, but is very inconspicuous and consists of a broad line of modified black scales extending along either side of the veins on the disc of the forewing on the underside, but not reaching the outer margin nor the costa. FE. merione has a quite different “ male-mark,” which is similar to that in E. ariadne, Linneus. I have specimens of F. isæus from Myitta in Burma and from Singapore ; Wallace records it from Singapore

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 399

also and Sumatra. The larva feeds on Ricinus communis, Linn., the castor-oil plant. Occurs everywhere in the plains and all the year round, mostly near the houses of Indian (Tamil) coolies, who are very fond of cultivating the castor-oil plant. Its flight is perhaps lower aud weaker than that of F. ariadne, Linneus. Dr. Hagen records E. taprobana, Westwood, from Sumatra, a species confined to South India and Ceylon as far as our experience goes. It isa very noticeable fact that everywhere two quite distinct species of Ergolis occur together.

124, EURYTELA HORSFIELDI, Boisduval.

Hagen. Grose Smith.

125. HuRYTELA CASTELNAUI, Felder.

Snellen. Hagen. Grose Smith. Both the Sumatran species of this genus occur only in forests, and are somewhat rare insects, the female being the rarer sex of the two. E. horsfieldii, Boisduval, occurs more in the plains, from Bindjei to Namoe Oekor; E. castelnaui at higher elevations, from Namoe Oekor to Soengei Batoe. The females are splendid mimics of the two preceding species of Hrgolis, E. castelnaut mimicking F. isæus, Wallace, and Æ. horsfieldii mimicking F. ariadne, Linnæus. Even in the way of flying they closely resemble the flight of species of Ergolis. Dr. Martin obtained his first female of F. castel- naui while catching F. isæus ou the same spot in a forest south of Namoe Oekor. The males always settle with folded wings for greater protection, and have some predilection for the sandy banks of small streams running through the forest.

126. EURIPUS HALITHERSES, Doubleday and Hewitson.

Hagen as halitherses and euplæoides. Staudinger. The male differs from typical FE. halitherses in having the marginal dots on both sides of the forewing restricted more to the anal angle. The female is tri- morphic, in one form the ground-colour is brown as in typical F. euplæ- oides, Felder; in the second form it is indigo-blue; in the third form it is blue without white patches on both wings and mimics Fuplæa linnæi, Moore. The first two forms seem to be mimics of Huplea diocletianus, Fabricius. As usual, the amount of white coloration on the wings in the female is very variable, and on that character no species should be based. One of these inconstant forms has recently been described by Mr. Distant as F. borneénsis, and seems to be inter- mediate between E. euplæoides and F. pfeiferæ, both of Felder, from the Malay Peninsula. This species was, before the forests of Deli and Langkat fell victims to the triumphal march of the tobacco cultivation,

400 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L, Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

a fairly common insect, of which the males often escaped capture by being mistaken for a still commoner species of Athyma. Even now on the frontiers of tobacco-land, as at Selesseh, W. halitherses is not rare, only the females are scarce. The males have a strong short flight like species of Athyma, whereas the females on the wing mimic different species of Fuplæa, having a slow and sailing motion. Dr. Martin pos- sesses a single male alinost without white markings on the upperside of the forewing, which for a long time he thought represented a second species, but as he never obtained a second specimen, it is probably an aberration. Æ. halitherses extends from Bindjei to Bekantschan, and is found only in forests,

127. CupHa ERYMANTHIS, Drury.

Snellen. Hagen. Occurs everywhere all the year round in ever following generations, Wherever a small piecc of forest has been spared, there this is one of the first Rhopalocera to be found. It is very fond of flowers, but is shy, and has a restless flight.

128. ATELLA SINHA, Kollar.

Snellen as egista. Hagen as egista. Grose Smith. Wallace. Dis- tant. I lave never seen A. egista, Cramer, which was described from Amboina, and recorded from Amboina, Bouru, Batchian, Morty, and New Guinea by Dr. A. R. Wallace. A. sinha is the rarest of the Atellas occurring in Sumatra, is found both in the plains and hills, has a very quick flight, aud is not easily captured except when settled on a flower or on a moist spot on a forest road where it can be “ potted’ with the net.

129. ATELLA PHALANTHA, Drury.

Snellen. Hagen as phalanta [sic], Horsfield and Moore [sic]. Dis- tant as phalanta [sic]. Occurs only at low elevations, often very ncar to the sca, frequents flowers, and is not easily caught from its shy restless habits and quick flight. It is very common throughout the year.

130. ATELLA ALCIPPE, Cramer.

Snellen. Hagen. Grose Smith as aruana [sic]. The A. arruana of Felder, from the Aru Isles (Felder), Mysol (Wallace), is a local race of A. alcippe. Found in Sumatra at higher elevations than the two foregoing species, cven as high or higher than Bekantschan. Never seen in Deli, and never on black soil which is so favourable for tobacco, but as soon as there is red soil, as in Langkat and Serdang, one may be sure to meet A. alcippe on damp places in forest roads. It is very common near Sclesseh.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 401

131. Crruosta aypsina, Felder.

Snellen as penthestlea and cyane. Grose Smith as hypsea. Hagen as cyane. Wallace. The ©. penthesilea of Cramer appears to be a distinct species, and occurs in Java. The O. hypsea of Doubleday and Hewitson is the Bornean form. O. cyane, Drury, is the Indian form.

132. CHETHOSIA CAROLINA, Forbes.

C. caroline, Forbes, A Naturalist’s Wanderings, p. 274 (1885). A local race of O. methypsea, Butler, of the Malay Peninsula.

133. CETHOSIA LOGANI, Distant.

Hagen as logani and biblis. May perhaps be a local race of C. biblis, Drury, but in the Malay Peninsula both occur together. It may be noted that Dr. Hagen records both in one paper from Sumatra so both may be found there also. C. hypsina and C. logani occur at es elevations, the latter even close to the sea—Dr. Martin once found many larve near the Saentis Estate only two miles distant from the sea—whereas O. caroline appears at the elevation of Bindjei, and from thence to the Central Plateau, those from high elevations being very richly coloured. All species of Cethosta are forest butterflies, frequenting both large and small jungle. The always sombre dark green forest is often made of a gayer aspect by the presence of these numerous, vivid, and gorgeously-coloured butterflies. Their flight re- sembles that of the Danaine and is slow and sailing. The larve of O. hypsina and C. logani live on Passiflora sp., and eat not only the leaves but also the soft shoots of this creeper. The larva of C. logant is yellow with black longitudinal stripes, of C. hypsina of a very rich deep scarlet, broken only on the two median segments, which are creamy-white. Both larve have composite spines, they live in societies, and are always found in large numbers. On one occasion when Dr. Martin was collecting the larve of O. hypsina on a Passion- Flower with red fruit, he noticed the protective position assumed by some of the caterpillars which in eating a twig had surrounded it entirely, so that this bunch of larvae even at a short distance looked like one of the fruits. In breeding a large number of O. hypsina, Dr. Martin noticed that the males emerged from the pupæ one day earlier than the females. None of the Sumatran species of QJethosia are dimor- phic in the female, and none of them have dark females as have the species from India, Ceylon, and Nias.

134, Terinog ATLITA, Fabricius.

Snellen. Grose Smith. Kirby. Hagen as teuthras, var. delianus,

402 WL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

so named, but not described, in Dr. O. Staudinger’s sale list No. xxxiii (1889). Wallace as viola. Wallace described T. viola from Singapore and Sumatra, but pointed out that the male he described from Sumatra differed somewhat from his specimen from Singapore. The latter equals T. teuthras, Hewitson, teste Distant, the former T. atlita.

135. TERINOS CLARISSA, Boisduval.

Snellen as larissa [sic], Boisduval.

136. Terinos TEOS, de Nicéville.

T. teos, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 41, n. 4, pl. K, figs. 5, male; 6, female (1893).

Grose Smith as robertsia. Snellen as robertsit [sic]. Hagen as robert- sia, var. ? sumatrana, so named, but not described, in Dr. O, Staudinger’s sale list No. xxxiii (1889) as var. sumatrensis. Wallace as robertsia, local form A. This species isa local race of T. robertsia, Butler, from the Malay Peninsula. Without knowing the habits of the species of the genus Terinos, onc would know from their rich violet-blue coloration that one has to deal with true inhabitants of large forests, which never go to small jungle as the foregoing Cethosie often do. T. clarissa, Boisduval, is very rare, and no exact locality for it can be given except one specimen from Bekantschan, as all the specimens procured were brought in with numerous specimens of T. teos, de Nicéville, Dr. Martin not noticing the difference between these two species till I pointed it out to him. T. atlita, Fabricius, occurs morc in the plains, but not ata lower elevation than Bindjei and Sclessch, but does not extend higher than Namoe Oekor. T. teos, de Nicéville, commences to appear at the same places and is found as high as Bekantschan and the lower hills. The butterflies are very restless, and fly round certain trees, on which they rest for a moment and then fly off again, so are not easy to catch, besides which they usually settle high up and fly high too. In November and December both the common species appear in large num- bers, while in all the other months they are only procured singly, and are very worn, so Dr. Martin thinks that they may be only single brooded. At Namoe Oekor in October Dr. Martin and I caught only worn females, males being entirely absent, and in December of the same year the collectors brought in many males and a few fresh females from the same spot. Otherwise females are always rarer than the males, especially that sex of T. atlita. The female of T. clarissa is unknown to us from Sumatra. No Sumatran species of the genus shew the beautiful whitish- violet patch on the upperside of the hindwing found in T., teuthras, Hewitson, and T. robertsia, Butler, from the Malay Peninsula.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 403

137. Cynruia EroroipsEs, de Nicéville, n. sp.

C. deione, Distant (nec Erichson), Rhop. Malay., p. 184, n. l, pl. x, figs. 1, male ; 2, female (1883).

Snellen as arsinoé. Hagen as arsinoé. Staudinger as arsinoé. Kirby as arsinoé. Distant as detone.

Hasitat: Malay Peninsula, N.-B. Sumatra, Borneo.

Expanse: 8, 2°9t0 32; 9, 3°7 to 4:0 inches.

Description: Mare. Uppersipe, both wings differ from C. erota, Fabricius, from the Eastern Himalayas, Bhutan, Assam, Burma, and Java in their darker ground-colour. Forewing differs in the apex being widely and the outer margin decreasingly infuscated. Otherwise as in that species. FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, hindwing differs only in having the inner of the two submarginal fuscous lines straighter—less lunula- ted—and continuous. Otherwise as in that species.

Cramer described O. arsinoé from Amboina and the west coast of Sumatra, but apparently figured it (a male) from the former locality, my specimens from Saparua in the Moluccas and from New Guinea agreeing fairly well with Cramer’s figure. C. dejone, Erichson, was described from Luçon in the Philippines, the female being figured. In the male of this species the apex of the forewing on the upper- side is not infuscated, and in the female the ocelli of the hindwing on the upperside differ in being almost entirely ochreous, with a very small instead of a large black centre. ©. cantori, Distant, described from a unique specimen from Province Wellesley, is probably a “sport.” The males of O. erotoides arc common everywhere in Sumatra, and are found all the year round on forest roads, where they are fond of moist spots, to which they will always return even after an attempt is made to catch them. The females are as rare as the males are common, and are only found in the forest, The males havea strong short flight, somewhat like that of a Charazes, whereas the females fly more slowly and sail more. The species is found only as high as Bekantschan.

138. CYNTHIA BATTAKA, Martin.

C. battaka, Martin, Nat. Tijd. voor Neder.-Indié, vol. liii, p. 338, n. 3 (1893).

This species may typically be known from C. erotoides, de Nicéville, by its smaller size, darker ground-colour of the upperside, the apex of the forewing especially being much more infuscated, the basal area of both wings on the underside is of a deeper red, and the subapical spot in the upper discoidal interspace of the forewing is always silvery- white, while in W. erototdes it is either totally wanting, or, if present, is small and fuscous; the tail to the hindwing is also shorter. From Bekantschan to the higher hills and the Central Plateau C. batiaka alone

J. u. öl

404 L, de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

occurs, and it has the same habits as C. erotoides. As Dr. Martin never obtained the latter species from places higher than Bekantschan, and never true 0. battaka from places lower than Bekantschan, and as both species occur quite at the same timc, there can be no question here of seasonal dimorphism. Dr, Martin notes that he is quite sure C. battaka is a good species restricted to the mountainous regions of our area. He notes also that he has received some specimens of C. battaka from Java, but without exact locality, and hopes to hear later at what elevation they were obtained, as C. erotoides occurs also in that island. Dr. Martin further notes that he obtained one female of C. battaka, which differs greatly from the female of the former species, these differences are pointed out in his original description of O., battaka

(hk Gjo

139. ApaTuRA NAMOUNA, Doubleday.

Hitherto this species has not been recorded south of Upper Burma, its re-appearance in Sumatra is most interesting. Inour area it is a very rare butterfly, and is found only on the higher hills at an elevation of not less than 3,000 feet, and from the Central Plateau and the Gayoo mountains. The specimens from Sumatra are decidedly smaller than those from Northern India, but do not otherwise differ. No female from Sumatra has been obtained.

140. *Aparora parvATA, Moore.

Groso Smith. This is almost certainly a wrong identification, A. parvata being restricted to Sikhim and Bhutan. The specimen Mr. Grose Smith obtaincd was probably a female of the next species.

141. Apatora (ohana) SUMATRENSIS, Staudinger.

A. (Rohana) parisatis, Westwood, var. sumatrensis, Staudinger, Iris, vol. ii, p. 80 (1889).

A. parisatis, Snellen (nec Westwood), Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, p. 19, n. 1, pl. ili, figs. 1, male; 2, male underside x 2 (1892).

Snellen as partsatis. Hagen as parisatis. Staudinger as parisatis, and parisatis, var. sumatrensis. Semper as camiba. The male may be kuown from the N.-E. Indian and Burmese species, A. parysatis, West- wood, by having a small diffused apical ferruginous patch on the up- persido of the forewing, which is absent from the continental spccies. The females of the two species differ but slightly. Like Atella alcippe, Cramer, this insect only appears on red soil (probably the food-plant of the larva grows only on that soil), where the males from Selesseh to tho higher hills arc not rare, whereas the females are always scarce,

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 405

or apparently so, as they are excellent mimics of species of Prgolis, and are doubtless often passed over as such by the collectors. The males like to go to small muddy or swampy spots on the roads, where they are easily “ potted ”?” with a net. The females are never seen on the roads, but fly like Mrgolis through the jungle. The male of this butterfly does not exhibit any very gorgeous coloration, but nevertheless it has a beauty of its own owing to the deep velvety-black colour of the upperside, which is so exceedingly delicate and so like the bloom on a peach that one never sees an absolutely perfect specimen in a collection. It is especially common on roads cut through the red hills on the banks of the Whampoe river, also in Serdang and Padang Bedagei.

142. Apatura (Rohana) artaxus, de Nicéville.

A. (Rohana) artaxes, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. ix, p. 261, n. 3, pl. N, figs. 3, male; 4, female (1895).

This species is restricted to the Central Plateau, from whence Dr. Martin obtained his first female specimens in October and December, 1893. As the males are very similar to the same sex of the foregoing species, they escape the nets of the Battak collectors, and Dr. Martin only obtained two in thirteen years. Many more females than males have been obtained. It would be interesting to know if the female is a mimicker, aud if so, what species is mimicked.

143. EULACURA OSTERIA, Westwood.

Staudinger. Rare in Sumatra, and occurs only at Selesseh and Namoe Oekorin July. The female is rather rarer than the male. Both sexes settle on the underside of leaves with wide-spread wings, and

never fly long distances. It is a common butterfly in the Botanical Gardens at Singapore.

144, Hestiva nama, Doubleday.

Hagen as nama, Boisduval [sic]. Staudinger. Occurs in Perak in the Malay Peninsula.

145. HEsTINA CAROLINÆ, Snellen.

H. caroline, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxiii, p. 218 (1890); idem, id., L.c., vol. xxxvii, p. 67 (1890).

Snellen, Both species of Hestina occur in our area only in the hills and on the Central Plateau, the lowest elevation at which they are found (except one male of H. carolinze which Dr. Martin caught near the iron bridge over the Bindjei river at Namoe Oekor) being Bekantschan. H, caroline flies in May. H. nama doubtless mimics Danais

406 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

tytioides, de Nicéville, while H. carolinæ mimics Danais banksii, Moore. So long as these Hestinas think themselves safe and unobserved their flight closely resembles that of the Danainse, but as soon as they scent danger they assume their proper rapid mode of flight, which is hike that of the males of species of Hypolimnas. So far females of H. caroline have only been obtained, that sex of H. nama not having been captured in our area. The two species are undoubtedly distinct, the differences between them being well pointed out by Heer P. C, T. Snellen. They are very much rarer than is H. nama in the Himalayas.

146. HERONA suMATRANA, Moore,

H. sumatrana, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 308; id., de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 5, n. 4, pl. iii, fig. 7, female (1894).

Moore. Grose Smith. Originally described from Sumatra. As also in all other localities the Sumatran specics of Herona is very rare. In Deh it ocenrs from Selesseh to Bekantschan in March, July and September, but only four or five specimens a year will be obtained by all our collectors put together. On the wing it looks like an Buthalia and has a similar flight, thongh it has the habit of settling on tree trunks which Luthalias seldom or never do except when sucking up the jnice from a wound in the bark.

J47. PRECIS IPHITA, Cramer.

Snellen. Hagen.

148. Precis 1a, Cramer.

Hagen. Semper. Both species of Precis are found throughout our arca and all the year round in ever following generations. P. iphita, Cramer, is somewhat the rarer, and is restricted to forests both large and small, whereas P. ida is found more in open ground, mostly near houses, in gardens, and in orchards, but never in forest. There are no intermediate gradations between these two species in Deli. They have a stronger and bolder flight than the species of Junonia which follow.

349. JUNONIA ALMANA, Linneus.

Snellen as asterie. Grose Smith as asterie. Hagen as asterie. Distant as asterie. In my opiuion J. almana and J. asterie, both of Linneus, are one and the same species, the former being the dry- season non-ocellated, the latter the wet-season occllated form, Only the latter is found in Sumatra, which accounts for that name being used by all anthors in recording it from the island. As, however, almana is the older name for the species, it has to be used, though it was

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 407

applied to the dry-season form. It is common in Sumatra on open grassy places, near houses and ditches, but is never found in the forest. Dr. Martin once found the larva on a small, low, white- flowering, labiate plant.

150. JUNONIA ATLITES, Linneeus.

Snellen as laomedia. Hagen as laomedia. Distant. Quite as com- mon in Deli as the preceding species, and found from close to the sea to the Central Plateau, specimens from the hills being richer in colour with blacker margins than those from the plains. It is very fond of water, near which, if it is running in open places or in ditches, it may always be found.

151. *JUNONIA VELLIDA, Fabricius,

Grose Smith. Kirby. This species occurs only in Australia, as far as I am able to ascertain. Its record from Sumatra by the authors cited is probably erroneous.

152. Junonia OCYALE, Hübner.

Snellen as orythia [sic] and orithyia. Hagen as orithya [sic]. Sem- per. Staudinger as wallacei. J. ocyale is a local race of J. orithyia, Linneeus, a very widely spread and variable species. I agree with Herr Georg Semper (Schmett. Philipp., p. 120, n. 142) that J. wallacei, Dis- tant, described from the Malay Peninsula and Java, is a synonym of J. ocyale. Mr. Distant does not venture to say how the two species are supposed to differ. Even in a restricted area like Sumatra this butterfly shows variations within certain limits, and is more pro- nounced in the female than in the male. Itis found over the whole of our area, but not too near the sea; it is very fond of small grassy spots, where it often abounds, and where also the rarer female may be captured. It is very restless, often settling, but only remaining for a very short time when it again takes a short quick flight, so that it is not easily caught. Dr. Hagen reports seeing it in large numbers in the short degenerated lalang-grass of the Central Plateau.

153. Nepris (Rahinda) nordon, Stoll. Grose Smith as hordona [sic]. Hagen. Distant.

154. Neptis (Rahinda) PARAKA, Butler.

Grose Smith as peraka [sic]. Hagen as peraka [sic]. Staudinger as peraka [sic]. Dr. Standinger considers the N. dahana, Kheil, from a . . . ? Nias island, to be a synonym of this species.

408 L. de Nicévillc & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

155. Nepris tica, Moore.

Butler. Staudinger as tiga and dorelia. I have a very long suite of specimens of this species, and after careful comparison have come to the conclusion that N. dorelia, Butler (1877), N. sattanga, Moore (1881), and N. kuhasa, de Nicéville (1886), are all synonyms of N. tiga, Moore (1858). To this list will probably have to be added Rahinda [sic] siaka, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 311, described from Sumatra, as the description agrces exactly with some specimens of N. tiga I possess from Perak in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. The variation observable in N. tiga is obviously mainly due to scason, the dry-season form being sparsely banded with black ou the underside, the wet-season form heavily so. Of the three small yellow Neptes, N. hordonia is the commonest, whereas N. paruka and N. tiga are both rare, especially the latter. They all occur in large and high forest, but are most frequently found on the boundaries of the forest, or just within the borders, where there is considerable sunshine. They are very weak-flying insects, and are easily captured when at rest with wide spread wings on the leaves of low bushes and on flowers, N. hordonia occurs in the plains up to Bekantschan, the other two prefer higher clevations, and have been caught as high as Socngei Batoe.

156. NEPTIS BATARA, Moore. N. batara, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 310.

Moore. Snellen as miah. Originally described from Sumatra. N. batara has been described and figured by Distant in Rhop. Malay., p- 444, n. 18, pl. xli, fig. 14 (1886), as N. miah, var, from Perak. It is very doubtfully distinct from N. miah, Moore. Found only on the higher hills at Soengei Batoe and the Central Plateau in July, but is very rare.

157. NEPTIS SANKARA, Kollar.

Excessively rare, Dr. Martin obtained a single male from the Battak mountains in October, 1894. It is more intensely black and white than typical N. sankara, but the markings are similar. The N. amba and N. carticoides, both of Moore, arc synonyms of this species, as probably also is N. amboides, Moore.

158. NEPTIS rHAMALA, Moore.

N. thamala, Moore, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zoology, vol. xxi, p. 36, pl. iii, fig. 1, female (1886).

Originally described from Lower Burma, It is very rare in Sumatra,

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin—Butterflies of Sumatra. 409

Dr. Martin has obtained three or four specimens only, one of which from Namoe Oekor is in my collection, taken in October.

159. Nepris vikasi, Horsfield.

Hagen as vikasi, Moore [sic]. Butler. Staudinger. A common species in the plains, but restricted to forest.

160. *NEPTIS omERoDA, Moore. N. omeroda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 571.

Grose Smith as ormeroda [sic]. Originally described from Penang in the Malay Peninsula. Mr. Distant considers it to be a synonym of N. vikasi, Horsfield. Mr. Moore describes it as being “a much blacker insect both above and below ” than that species. It is unknown to us.

161. *Nepris HARITA, Moore,

Staudinger. Itis quite probable that this species does occur in Sumatra, though Dr. Martin has never obtained it. Though quite dis-

tinct it may easily be overlooked, as it is very similar to N. vikasi, Horsfield.

162. Nepris angana, Moore.

Is by far the most beautiful Neptis of our area, especially the underside of both wings, which exhibit very splendid colours. Is found only in the hills as high or even higher than the Central Plateau, 3,000 feet. Dr. Martin possesses three specimens only, the first ob- tained in 1894, after twelve years’ collecting.

163. NEPTIS LeEvcoTHOE, Cramer.

Snellen as aceris. Hagen as aceris. Certainly the commonest species of the genus in Sumatra, and found almost everywhere all the year round. N. aceris, Lepechin, of Hurope, appears to me to be distinct from the pre- sent species, as it has the white bands on the underside of both wings not outwardly defined with black as they invariably are in both the wet- and dry-season forms of N. leucothoé—the latter form not found in Sumatra.

164. *Nepris PAPAJA, Moore.

N. papaja, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 570.

Moore. Kirby. ‘The description of this species agrees with speci- mens I have identified as N. leucothoé, Cramer, the ground-colour of the underside being “ ferruginous-yellow; markings prominent, black-

410 UL. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

bordered.” It was described from Sumatra. This adds one more to the twelve synonyms of N. leucofhoé given by me in “The Gazetteer of Sikhim,” p. 137 (1894).

165. NEPTIS NATA, Moore.

Grose Smith. Hagen. A common species in the plains. Itis a little variable, in typical specimens the diseal white band on the under- side of the hindwing ends on the costal nervure, in others it ends on the first subcostal nervule. I greatly doubt if the N. gononata, Butler, from Malacca, is distinct from this species.

166. NEPTIS DURYODANA, Moore.

Grose Smith as duryodama [sic]. Snellen. A common species of the plains in October.

167. *Neptis NADINA, Moore.

Grose Smith as soma. N. soma, Moorc, is a synonym of N. nadina, Moore. It is probable that Mr. Grose Smith identified this species from specimens similar to those which I subscquently described as N. clinioules.

168. Neptis clinrorpEs, de Nicéville.

N. clinioides, de Niceville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Isiii, pt. 2, p. 6, n. 5, pl. i, fig. 8, male (1894).

Very rare, a few specimens only have been obtained in the Battak monntains and Central Plateau in June.

169. Nepris susruta, Moore.

Grose Smith. A common spccies in the low forests.

170. *NEPTIS HELIODORA, Cramcr.

Hagen. Probably a wrong identification. It was described from Aumboina, and is apparently confined to the Moluccas.

171. NEPTIS opH1ana, Moore.

Hagen as ophiana, var.? Very rare, Dr. Martin has obtained a single specimen. Herr Georg Semper places this species and its allies in the genus Phedyma, Felder, of which N. heliodora, Cramer, is the type (Schmett. Philipp., p. 142 (1889). With the exception of N. sankara, Kollar, N. clintoides, de Nicéville, and N. ophiana, Moore, all the black species of Neptis are common insects, oecurring everywhere in open places, both in small jungle and in large forest, except N. susruta,

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 411

Moore, and N. nata, Moore, which are restricted to the latter. Of the Nymphaline the species of this genus are earliest on the wing, and do not appear at all to mind the leaves being wetted with rain or dew. Aftera shower they will appear immediately, and even fly when there is no sun. Wherever there are a few trees or bushes along the roads, in gardens, and in fact practically everywhere they may be found, weakly sailing about and frequently settling; apparently highly protected as they shew no fear whatever.

172. CIRRHOCHROA ORISSA, Felder.

Grose Smith. Hagen. In the male on the upperside of the fore- wing the first median nervule and submedian nervure, and the subcos- tal nervules of the hindwing are for some distance on both sides defined by a fine ochreous line, the veins themselves being black. Occurs only in forest, but not at high elevations, not higher than Namoe Oekor; very common at Selesseh in June and August.

173. CIRRHOCHROA SATELLITA, Butler.

Hagen, The male has no secondary sexual characters. ‘Tt is rarer than C. orissa, Felder; occurs only in forests, and at still lower elevations in July. It is weaker on the wing than that species.

174. CIRRHOCHROA CLAGIA, Godart.

Snellen. Distant. In the male on the upperside of both wings the veins where they cross the disc are more or less black, and in the forewing they are defined on both sides with ochreous for a short distance on entering the broad black marginal border. Occurs only at elevations over 1,000 feet, higher than Namoe Oekor, found at Bekantschan and Soengei Batoe in May, July, and September. Is the rarest of all the species of Cirrhochroa occurring in Sumatra.

175. CIRRHOCHROA BAJADETA, Moore.

Snellen, Hagen. The male has no secondary sexual characters. Ts found everywhere in October in forest, and also in places where a small piece of the original forest has been left, as does Cupha erymanthis, Drury. The males are prone to visit damp spots on roads.

176. CirRHOCHROA MALAYA, Felder.

Hagen. Wallace. Mr. Distant remarks that “Specimens will be obtained of a completely intermediate character between C. bajadeta and C. malaya.” I have seen none such in Sumatra, in fact, C. malaya appears to me more nearly allied to C. mithila, Moore, than to

J. IL 52

412 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No, 3,

C. bajadeta, the male differing from that sex of the former on the upperside of the forewing in having a broad black marginal border instead of three waved black lines, and in the hindwing in having the inner of the three marginal black lines discontinuous instead of con- tinuous. The secondary sexual characters of the male consists in some specimens (absent in others) of the fifth subcostal and upper discoidal nervules of the forewing on the upperside on entering the apical black margin being defined on both sides by a narrow line of ochreous. It is much rarer than C. bajadeta, and occurs in the same localities, bnt is not found higher than Namoe Qekor. The female is unknown to us.

177. CIRRHOCHROA MITHILA, Moore.

Hagen as aoris. O. aoris, Doubleday and Hewitson, is confined to the Eastern Himalayas, Assam, and Upper Burma, Dr. Hagen’s identification probably applies to the present species. It is somewhat rare, and found in forests at low elevations. The male has no secondary sexual characters.

178. Crirrnocuroa (Paduca) Fascia, Felder.

Wallace. Staudinger. Kirby. Semper. I have fully described the male secondary sexnal characters of this species in Butt. of India, vol. ii, p. 109. It is the smallest aud weakest-flying species in the genus, inhabits forest, and is always somewhat rare. It is found from near the sea to the monntains as high as Bekantschan. In 1890 Dr. Martin found it unusually plentiful at the Saentis Estate near the sea, where a flowering tree was daily covered, so long as the flowers lasted, with this species, and on two occasions he captured more than forty quite fresh specimens.

179. STIBOCHIONA KANNEGIETERI, Fruhstorfer. S. kannegieteri, Fruhstorfer, Ent. Nach., vol. xx, p. 305 (1894).

Suellen as coresia. Grose Smith as coresia. Hagen as coresia. Stan- dinger as coresiu. Kirby as coresia. Originally described from Sumatra and Borneo. Very near to S. coresia, Hiibner, from Java, (from whence also Herr H. Frnhstorfer has deseribed S. rothschildi), that species in the male on the upperside of the hindwing having a series of submarginal white spots which are absent in the Sumatran specics, and in the female having a broad white marginal band which in the Sumatran species is repliced by a series of white spots similar to the male of S. coresia. Ocenrs in our area from the lower hills to the Central Plateau, is not common, and is seldom procured in perfect condition. The lowest localities where Dr. Martin has caught it are Namoe Oekor

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 413

in Langkat, and Kotta Lembaroe in Deli. It settles on trees not very high from the ground with widespread wings, and behaves ow the wing like an Euthalia,

180. HYPOLIMNAS BOLINA, Linnæus.

Snellen. Hagen as bolina and jacintha. Wallace. Staudinger as bolina, var. jacintha. Distant. Extremely variable in the female sex, many of them being of the form named gacinthu by Drury. But none of the forms described by Cramer from Java which are more or less richly marked with ochreous on the upperside, such as iphigenia, melita, alemene, antigone, and proserpina are found in Sumatra. In Deli it is rather rare, and prefers low elevations, not being found higher than Namoe Oekor. It is more plentiful near the sea, as at the Saentis Estate and at Mabar Dr. Martin could obtain one or two specimens nearly every day. Only in December, 1892, and January, 1893, it appeared in large numbers and all varieties of the female near Bindjei, but in the following year there was not a single specimen to be seen. It does not frequent forests, but is found on reads, in gardens, and near houses.

181. HYPOLIMNAS ANOMALA, Wallace.

Grose Smith. Snellen as anxtilope. Hagen. Semper. The H. anti- lope of Cramer described from Amboina appears to be a distinct species, and is recorded by Wallace from Amboyna, Ceram, and Bouru. In our area H. anomala becomes year by year more scarce, in correlation with the disappearance of the forests. It does not occur at higher elevations than Bindjei, Is a highly mimetic insect, as the males very closely resemble on the wing the brown species of Huplea, such as I. moorei, Butler, and also settle near forest roads like Huploeas with folded wings. The female is trimorphic; the first form has the upperside richly glossed with blue, and mimics the male of Huplea linnwi, Moore ; the second form is dull brown, lacking the blue coloration altogether, is very similar to the male, only duller and larger, and mimics the brown Eupleas ; the third form has along tle outer margin of the hindwing on both the upper and undersides aseries of marginal white streaks be- tween the veins, and may be taken on the wing for HL. pinwillii, Butler.

182. Hyronimnas MISIPPUS, Linneeus.

Snellen. Hagen. Distant. The female in Sumatra is of the form of diocippus, Cramer, and isa beautiful mimic of Danais chrysip- pus, Linneus. The form which mimics Danais klugit, Butler, and occurs in India and Africa, is not found in Sumatra, neither does it

414 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

mimic the white aberration of D. chrysippus, (alcippus, Cramer), which is found in Sumatra, as it does in Africa. H. misippus is very com- mon in Sumatra, and abounds in open places, on roads, near houses, and especially in newly-cut tobacco fields, where after the tobacco is cut down and removed there springs up a rich growth of low plants. Not found at a greater elevation than Bekantschan. Has a wide range, from Northern Australia and New Guinea on the onc hand, to Florida in the United States of America on the other. Dr. Martin notes that not knowing the species in Europe and on first arrival in Sumatra he would not believe his European assistant when he brought both sexes and said they were male and female of one species. Dr. Martin dismissed him with an incredulous smile, but the next day he caught a couple paired, and then knew better.

183. ARGYNNIS NIPHE, Linneeus.

Snellen. Grose Smith. Hagen. Staudinger. Semper. Occurs only on the Central Platcau, where in some years it is found in large uumbers and where Dr. Hagen captured it. Dr. Martin canght a single male specimen at ‘Tocntocngan in Deli in September, 1888, to which place this mountainecr may have been carried by a high wind. Su- matran specimens are never as large as those from Northern India, but are usually larger than the Javan form (A. javanica, Oberthür), which las a richer and darker coloration than the Sumatran form. The female is rarer than the male, native collectors bring it in the pro- portion of one to five. (For notes on this species see de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 143 (1893).

184. Dicnorrwacia NESIMACHUS, Boisduval.

Hagen. Semper. Formerly by no means a rare insect in Deli and Langhat before the clearing of the forest, and occurred at low elevations, not higher than Bekantschan. Dr. Hagen before 1882 fonud it common in Serdang, whereas Dr. Martin, who commenced to collect in that year, obtained his first specimen in 1887 near a small river at Soengei Beras, where a small piece of forest was left. Later it was found to be morc plentiful at Selesseh, also south of Namoe Oekor, and in Padang Bedagei; the Gayoe collectors again brought it in large munbers, collected in the forests on the way to their homes in the mountains. It is foud of settling on forest roads with wings only half open, and has a very rapid flight as its robust structure shews.

185. Parrnenos GAMBRISIUS, Fabricius.

Hagen. Wallace. All the spccics of this genus have a very beauti- fnl and characteristic flight, unlike any other butterfly known to me.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. 415

It is very strong on the wing, and flies over high bushes and trees, and alights on the uppersides of the leaves with open wide-spread wings. When flying it keeps the wings very level and parallel with the ground, the tips or apices of the forewings slightly depressed, it flaps the wings but seldom, and is much given to soaring. The Sumatran form is the one which has been named P. lilacinus by Butler, and has a patch on the internal area of the forewing and the basal area of the hindwing on the upperside marked with lilac. In our area it occurs all the year round at low elevations, not as high as Namoe Oekor, is not rare, but is not easy to capture. Is found not only in high forest, but also in small strips of forest and jungle always accompanying the smaller streams. Is very fond of and is only found near water. In a boat journey up the Bedagei River, both banks of which were covered with the flowers of a snow-white lily, Dr. Martin noticed P. gambrisius settling in considerable numbers on the flowers ; a beautiful sight for a lover of nature. At the Batoe Mandi Estate on the high bank of the Wampoe River are planted a few male papaya trees (which of course bear only flowers and no fruit), and on these flowers the Javan collector Saki captured a very fine series of specimens.

186. LEBADEA MARTHA, Fabricius.

Limenitis martha, Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M., p. 59, n. 1, pl. i, fig. 4, male (1869).

Lebadea alankara, Horsfield (martha, Fabricius ?), var. sumatrensis, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 142 (1886).

Hagen. Butler as alankara and martha. Kirby. Distant. Stau- dinger as alankara, var. sumatrensis, and martha, var, sumatrensis. Fabricius described this species from Siam; Butler says the type is in the Banksian collection at the British Museum, he figures the species, and records it from Sumatra. Not having any Siamese specimens of Lebadea to compare with Sumatran ones, I accept Butler’s identification ; but should the Siamese and Sumatran species be found afterwards to differ, Staudinger’s name sumatrensis must stand. The genus is a small one, and contains L. ismene, Doubleday and Hewitson, from Sik- him, Bhutan, Assam, and Upper Burma, which gradually merges into L. attenuata, Moore, from Lower Burma, which again meets L. martha, Fabricius = L. alankura, Horsfield, in the Malay Peninsula, found also in Sumatra, Java and Banca; another species being L. paduka (nec L. panduka, Staudinger), Mooie, from Borneo. Butler in Trans. Linn, Soc. Lond., Zoology, second series, vol. i, p. 565 (1877) gives both L. alankara and L. martha from Sumatra, it is hardly probable that two distinct species occur in one island, and, as will be seen above, I consider those two names to represent one species. In our area it occurs from

416 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

Selesseh to Namoe Oekor, and as high as Soengei Batoe; is a true butterfly of the forest, settles on leaves with spread wings, and has a decidedly weaker flight than Limenitis and Huthalia. The sexes differ very much in size, the female being always much larger than the male; often extremely small males are found. It is not a common butterfly.

187. ĻIMENITIS ALBOMARGINATA, Weymer.

I. albomarginata, Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 5, n. 3, pl. ii, fig. 2,

male (1887). L. albomarginata, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra,

pt. 2, p. 7, n. 7 (1895).

L. hageni, Staudinger, Iris, vol. v, p. 452 (1892) ; idem, id., lc., vol. vii, p. 342 (1894).

Padang, West Sumatra, Weymer. Staudinger. This species is a very distinct local race of the Himalayan and Assamese L. danava, Moore. It occurs only in Sumatra, and in our area is found only on the Central Plateau, from whence every year a large number of males were brought by the collectors, once only a single female, which Dr. Martin has described (l. c.). As the sexes of this as well as of other butterflies are produced in about equal numbers, it shews clearly the skulking habits of the female that it should be so exces- sively rare in collections, The same sex of L. danava is almost

equally rarely seen in India.

188. LIMENITIS DARAYA, Doubleday and Hewitson.

Doherty records this species from Larut Hill, Perak, Malay Penin- sula, and describes L. agneya from the same hill, but found at 3,000 feet lower elevation (Journ. A. S. B., vol. lx, pt. 2, p. 176 (1891). L. daraxa is much rarer in our area than the preceding species, and occurs in the same locality, Never more than two or three specimens are captured in

one year.

189. Limeniris BOCKI, Moore.

L, bockii, Moore, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 308.

Moore. Hagen as dudu. Grose Smith as dudu and bockit. Moore describes this species from Sumatra, and as allied to L. dudu, Westwood, from North-Eastern India, differing in being smaller, with a broader transverse white band. The size is unimportant, I possess smaller specimens of L. dudu than of L. bockit ; but the discal band is certainly broader, especially so on the forewing. The rarest of all the species of Limenitis in our area, of which Dr. Martin has received during all the period he was in Sumatra not more than ten specimens, nearly all of

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 417

which were captured near Kampong Namau and Kampong Beras Tepoe on the Central Plateau. Mr. Grose Smith’s record of both L. dudu and L. bockit from Sumatra is almost certainly incorrect.

190. Limenitis ( Moduza) procris, Cramer.

Hagen. Distant. A common species everywhere, but not found higher than Bekantschan, as the food-plant of the larva docs not grow at the higher elevations. The butterfly is fond of wet places and feces on roads, to which it always returns after being disturbed. If pursued it retires for a short time into the jungle, and settles on the leaves. It is never met with in large forest.

191. ` PANDITA SINOPE, Moore.

Hagen. Is now very rare in Deli at low elevations, occurs in Dr. Martin’s fruit garden at Bindjei and at Selesseh, but never at a higher elevation. In the time before so much of the forest had been destroyed for tobacco cultivation in Deli it was more common, and always shewed a preference for small forest or the boundaries of large forest, seldom found within the precincts of the latter.

192. ÅTHYMA PERIUS, Linnæus.

Hagen as perius, Aurivillius [sic]. Snellen as lewcothoé. Common everywhere from near the sea and extending to the Central Plateau. This species also was very plentiful before the advent of the tobacco cultivation, but is now somewhat rare in those districts. As soon as these are left behind it appears everywhere on roads and the margins of small forest. It is doubtless a good mimic of our commonest species of Neptis, N. leucothoé, Cramer, together with which itis always found, and from which it is not easily differentiated on the wing, but, if pursued, it at once assumes its stronger and bolder proper Athyma-like flight. Occurs also at Asahan and in the Gayoe-lands.

193. ÅTHYMA LARYMNA, Doubleday and Hewitson.

Grose Smith. Snellen. The largest of all our Athymas, occurs all over our area with the exception perhaps of the Central Plateau. Is decidedly rare, and always found only singly on feces aud moist spots on forest roads. Every year Dr. Martin captured two or three specimens on tle muddy banks of the Soengei Diski River near Paya Bakong.

194. ArHyMma DITA, Moore.

Grose Smith. Has the same range and occurs iu similar places

418 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

as A. larymna, Doubleday and Hewitson, but is very rare. In con- sequence of the beautiful coloration and markings of the underside it is a conspicuous insect when at rest with folded wings.

195. ATHYMA KANWA, Moore.

Snellen. Very rare, more so than the two foregoing species. Found from Bekantschan to Soengei Batoe. Dr. Martin has never seen it on the wing.

196. AtTHYMA PRAVARA, Moore.

Butler. Distant. A commoner species than those mentioned above. Occurs in forests in the plains and as high as Namoe Oekor. It is the smallest of our Athymas, and is easy to recognise by the club- like streak with rounded end in the discoidal cell of the forewing,

197. AtTHYMA RETA, Moore.

Moore as reta and kresna. Grose Smith as reta and kresna. Hagen as reta, var. ? Kirby. Distant as kresna. Butler as kresna. Moore described both A. reta and A. kresna from Sumatra on the same page and figured both. He figures reta with all the spots and bands of the upperside pure white ; A. kresna with all the markings pale blue except the submarginal band of the hindwing which is white. The markings are precisely similar except that in A. reta they are somewhat larger. J have no hesitation whatever in considering these two suppos- ed distinet species to be one and the same, the differential characters given to distinguish them being in my opinion quite non-specific, being based on characters which are obviously variable. The blue coloration of A. kresna is almost certainly incorrect. In one place Mr. Moore speaks of the markings as “ bluish-white,” and in another as ‘ white.” It is a common species in Borneo, and occurs also in Lower Burma and the Malay Peninsula. Mr. Moore has suggested that A. subrata, Moore, may be a dimorphie form of the female of A. kresna = A. reta, the ordi- nary female of which has reddish markings. I possess only males of A. kresna, so have no idea what its female is like. A. subrata is quite distinct from A. kresna, see No. 199, that species being a local race of A. nefte, Cramer; A. subrata cannot therefore be the female of A. kresna. Together with A. perius, Linnzeus, and A. subrata, Moore, this is the commonest species of the plains, and is met with on nearly every road leading through high forest. The pupa is very richly decorated with gold as usual in the genus.

198. ATHYMA ABIASA, Moore. Grose Smith. This rare and beautiful species occurs at Soenget

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 419

Batoe, 3,000 feet, and even higher. It is easily recognised by the fine white lines before and beyond the large white spot at the end of the discoidal cell of the forewing.

199. AvHyMA AMHARA, Druce.

Limenitis selenophora, Snellen (nec Kollar), Midden-Sumatra, Lepidoptera, p. 15, n. 1, pl. i, figs. 4, 5, male (1892).

Snellen as selenophora. Is a local race of A. selenophora, Kollar, that species occurring in the Himalayas, Bhutan, Assam, Tavoy in Burma, and Java. The present species is found in the Malay Penin- sula, Sumatra, and Borneo. The male differs only from A. selenophora in having a submarginal or onter-discal pure white macular instead of a very obscure pale fuscous fascia on the upperside of the hind- wing. The females of the two species are indistingnishable. It is the commonest species of Athyma of the higher mountains and the Central Plateau, especially plentiful in December and January.; found also in Indragiri.

200. ÅTHYMA SUBRATA, Moore.

Grose Smith as subrata and nefte. Hagen as nefte. Staudinger as nefte. Distant. We have here to do with a very interesting group of species. In Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam and South India the male is mnch marked on the upperside with yellow, and is the A. inara of Donbleday and Hewitson (= inarina, Butler). This species gradually merges in Burma into A. asita, Moore, specimens absolutely intermediate between A. asita and A. inara occurring. Further south in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Nias, and Borneo A. subrata (= nivifera, Butler), occurs. The characters given by Butler to distinguish it from A. nefte, Cramer, hold good, so it may be accepted as a good local race. In Java A. nefte alone occurs. A. rufula, de Nicéville, from the Andaman Isles, and A. glora, Kheil, from Nias, are distinct species. A. tnara and A. asita have one female only, which is yellow. A. subrata has two females, the one is yellow, the other is brown. It was described from the brown form of female, its male is the A. nivifera of Butler. A. nefte is also dimorphic, one form being yellow the other brown. The two females of A. subrata and the two of A. nefte cannot be distinguished, the males alone are different, and the species are kept distinct by me on the male sex alone. A. rufula appears to have only one form of female. As noted above, this is a common species of the plains, not occurring higher than Namoe Oekor. The males are found on forest roads, the females inside the forest, of which latter the brown form is less rare than the yellow. The brown form almost certainly mimics Neptis

vikast, Horsfield, but there is no large yellow Neptis in our area that the J. 11. 53

420 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,

yellow form could mimic, though, as Doherty has remarked, size is probably not an insuperable bar to mimicry, as the vertebrate enemies of insects probably think that insects in the perfect state grow as they do themselves, so that our large yellow female Athyma probably does mimie the smaller yellow species of Neptis, such as N. hordonia, Stoll.

201. AtTHyma ASSA, de Nieéville.

A, assa, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 42, n. 5, pl. K, fig. 8, male (1893).

Occurs at the same localities and elevations as A. amhara, Druee, but is much rarer. It is a beautiful species, of whieh the first speei- mens were obtained in 1892.

202. Euraan (Dophla) perma, Kollar.

Hagen. A very fine, large and rare speeies which is found from near the sea to the elevation of Bekantsehan. It is, like the rare speeies of Charares, Prothoé, aud also Athyma larymna, Doubleday and Hewitson, only met with singly or in pairs. Dr. Martin obtained his first pair in 1887 near Toentoengan at a place in a large forest where a Chinese carpenter was sawing wood, and the two butterflies were feeding on the wet sawdust. Dr. Martin possesses specimens from Stabat on the Wampoe River, and from Boekit Mas on the Besitan River. Heisunder tho impression that like a pair of tigers or large birds of prey, which keep a largo area of country solely for their own use and benefit and do not allow any other individuals of the same species to intrude into this area, that the above-named large and rare butterflies—but only in the subfamily Nymphalinw—behave similarly, as there are never found more than one or two specimens of each over a large area. The reason for this Dr. Martin is quite unable to explain.

203. Evruaia (Dophla) puxya, Doubleday and Hewitson.

Hagen. Even rarer than E. derma, Kollar. Dr. Martin only possesses two speeimens, one from Bekantsehan, and one from Kampong Singhapura, five miles south of Namoe Oekor, so is probably in Sumatra confined to the outer hills. It is very common in S.-E. Borneo.

204. Evrnaria (Dophla) eurus, de Nicéville.

E. (Dophla) eurus, do Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 15, n. 18, pl. ii, figs. 3, male; 4, female (1894). n

Of all the Euthalias, this speeies approaches nearest to the sea, as Dr. Hagen has captured it near Laboean, and Dr. Martin both sexes in the forest between the Saentis Estate and the sea, Found not higher than Bindjei or Selesseh. Both scxes are rare, espeeially the female

1595.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 421

205. Eurnania (Leatas) pinta, Fabricius.

Hagen. Grose Smith. Butler. Distant. Was a very common species in Deli before the extension of the tobacco cultivation destroyed nearly the whole of the forests; it occurred round nearly every house, and both sexes were easily captured on the kitchen-midden, especially on discarded fragments of fruit thrown out by the Chinese cook. Still very common behind the honse of the manager of the Tandjong Djatti Estate, where there is still left a small forest of teak (“ djatti” in Malay) trees. Occurs from November to March, never in high virgin forest, not at a greater elevation than Bekantschan. The female is called “ The golden-spot butterfly” by Europeans in the Straits Settle- ments. It settles with wide open-spread wings, at least when feeding. Dr. Dohrn has bred it at Soekaranda. Males of this species from the mountains are ou the underside of both wings far darker than specimens from the plains, and a little bluish in hue.

206. Hurnuaita (Levias) PARDALINA, Staudinger.

Symphedra pardalina, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 154, pl. liv, male [as par- dalis, Staudinger] (1886).

A remarkable species, the male and female being alike, and very similar on the upperside to the female of E. dirtea, Fabricius, while the male of F. dirtea is entirely different from its female, and is therefore quite dissimilar from that sex of FE. pardulina, It is very rare, and occurs only at higher elevations, at Soengei Batoe and on the Central Plateau, where E. dirtea is never found.

207. *EUTHALIA (Lexias) CYANIPARDUS, Butler,

Dr. Hagen informs us that he has himself captured a male of this species (which has already been recorded from Borneo) near the Saentis Estate in Deli, and has obtained females by his collectors from Western Sumatra.

208. EuTmALIA (Felderia) cocytus, Fabricius.

Vollenhoven as ludekingit, described from Sumatra, and blumez. Felder, as mitra described from Sumatra and Banca. Snellen as blumer. Hagen as blumei, ludekingii, and cocytina. Grose Smith as cocytina and diardi. Butler as ludekingit. Staudinger as blumei. Semper as ludekingi. Kirby as cocytina and ludekingit. Distant as cocytina. Five species of the subgenus Felderia have been recorded from Sumatra by different writers as enumerated above. To these names might be added E. stoliczkuna, Distant, E. maclayi, Distant, and F. puseda, Moore, given by Mr. Distant in “ Rhopalocera Malayana ” from the Malay Peninsula.

422 L. de Nicévillc & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

Other probable synonyms are E. gopia, Moore, E. godartii, Gray, described from Sumatra, and Æ. monina, Fabricius. During the time Mr. W. Davison of the Singapore Museum was alive he devoted much time and pains to no purpose in trying to separate into dis- tinct species the many forms recorded by Mr. Distant from the Malay Peninsula, and to thìs end captured many hundreds of specimens of both sexes, numbers of which he scnt tome. In the forests of Sumatra this protean species is equally common, and Dr. Martin has obtained both sexes in large numbers. He and I have quite failed ta split them up into separate species. Dr. Staudinger appears also to have succeeded no better. Both sexes are variable, but it is in the femalc that the variations are the greater aud more puzzling. Tt is quite easy to assign names in accordance with described species to the more copspicuous varieties, but when one comes to arrange large series of specimens one finds how impossible it is to divide them into separate species. The only solution of the difficulty in splitting up this species appears to lie in extensive breeding from the egg. Even supposing the male primary scxual organs should on microscopical examination disclose specific differences, the difficulty will only be half got over, as the question of pairing the females with the males found to represent distinct species will be quite hopeless till both are bred. I have adopt- ed the oldest name for the group. Dr. O. Staudinger has taken the next oldest name, which isthe “ Pupilio”’ monina, also of Fabricius. EH, cocytus is the commonest species of Euthalia occurring in our area, and is found evcrywhicro except on the Central Plateau. The males are very easily damaged, and seldom found in collections in an absolutely perfect state. The male is doubtless mimicked on the wing by the males of Stibachiona kannegieteri, Fruhstorfer.

209. HEurnaria (Felderia) asoga, Felder.

Snellen. This species was originally described from a female from “Malacca interior” and Borneo; Distant records it from Penang, Province Wellesley, and Malacca, He figures both sexes, and associates with the very distinct female a male with the apex of the forewing rather more produced than in the males of the other species of the gronp he retains as distinct species, and with the underside of both wings unusually dark, with a broad outer pale margin to the forewing. At the carnest request of Dr. Martin I retain this species as distinct from E. cocytus, Fabricius, but it is against my better judgment todo so, The female is typically very distinct, as it has on the upperside of the forewing a prominent band of seven sullied white spots, the anteriormost sometimes divided into two spots, but joined

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 423

in both Felder’s and Distant’s figures; the two posteriormost spots in the submedian interspace somewhat small, placed one above the other; between this macular whitish band and the outer margin is a diffused broad pale blue fascia. I find, however, in my large series of females of this group, that these apparently good and distinct characters are not constant, and that it is well nigh impossible to differentiate this form satisfactorily. Mr. Distant’s sexing of the species is probably purely guess work, and cannot be accepted finally without some good proof, such as taking the two sexes paired or breeding both from the egg. It is possible that H. macnairi, Distant, is a distinct species and is the same as E. andersonii, Moore, in which case Distant’s name has a year’s priority. Dr. Martin notes that F. asoka is the rarest species of the group occurring in our area, and that it is found at higher elevations than the others, not lower than Bekantschan.

210. Euraaia (Tunaécia) vikrama, Felder.

Felder. Grose Smith as pulasara. Butler as pulasara. Hagen as pulasara, var. ? Kirby. Distant. Originally described from Sumatra. This is alocal race of E. (Tanaécia) pulasara, Moore, from the Malay Peninsula, but is sufficiently different to be retained as a distinct species. Not rare in the plains of Sumatra.

211. #EUTHALIA (Tanaécia) PELEA, Fabricius.

Snellen. Grose Smith as palguna. As far as I am aware, this species is confined to Java, from whence I possess specimens of both sexes, Mr, Moore has figured the male as “ Adolias” palguna, Moore, which is a synonym of E. pelea.

212. *EUTHALIA (Tanaécia) SUPERCILIA, Butler.

Grose Smith. Originally described from Penang. Mr. Butler has figured a male. It is entirely unknown to us.

213. Euraaia (Tanaécia) pHintia, Weymer.

Tanaécia phintia, Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 7, n. 6, pl. i, fig. 6, male (1887).

Weymer. Grose Smith as aruna. Originally described from Sumatra. This species is a local race of F. (Tanaécia) aruna, Felder = “ Adolias” pardalis, Vollenhoven, from the Malay Peninsula and Java, but is easily separable from that species. Rather rare, and only occurs

at higher elevations and south of Namoe Oekor, at Bekantschan and Soengei Batoe.

424 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

214. EHurnauia (Tanaécia) MARTIGENA, Weymer.

Tanaécia martigena, Weymer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. xlviii, p. 8, n. 6, pl. i, fig. 7, female (1887).

Weymer. Originally described from Sumatra. Occurs in the same localities as the last, and is equally uncommon.

215, EUTHALIA NICE'VILLEI, Distant.

One of the rarest insects of our fauna, Dr. Martin having obtained only two specimens during the years he collected in Sumatra, aiid Dr. Hagen none at all. Found at an elevation of not less than 3,000 feet. It probably escapes capture by the collectors as it is so similar in general appearance to E. cocyéus, Fabricius, and is thus often passed over for that species.

216. Eurnatia (————) Kanna, Moore.

Hagen, Originally described from Borneo. Dr. Martin has ob- tained a few specimens at Selesseh, but it is very rare.

917. Furnatta (—————) ELONE, de Nicéville.

E. (Tanaécia ?) elone, do Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 47, n. 7, pl. L, fig. 3, male (1893).

Exeanse: Q, 3:1 to 32 inches. >

DEscRIPTION: Femate. Differs from the male only in its larger size, paler coloration on both surfaces, and on the underside in the absence of the violet suffusion, especially on the hindwing.

A vory rare species, found only on the Central Plateau in July and August. Dr. Hagen obtained this species before Dr. Martin, and sent it to London for identification, but unsuccessfully ; nor was Dr. Martin more fortunate in sending it to Berlin for the same purpose somewhat later.

918. EUTHALIA GARUDA, Moore.

Vollenhoven. Hagen. Staudinger. Whilst all the species of Euthalia abovementioned, with the exception of E. dirtea, Fabricius, and also all that follow except F. adonia, Cramer, are more or less inbabitants of the forest, this species appears only near human habita- tions, as the food-plant of the larva is the leaves of the mangoe tree, which is always planted near villages and round houses. It is not found therefore at higher elevations, as that fruit tree even at Namoe Oekor does not flourish as it does in the plains. Itis most plentiful in January and February, when the males may be continually seen pursuing each other from the shade of one mangoe tree to another.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 425

219. EUTHALIA JAMA, Felder.

Hagen. Dr. Martin possesses three males only of this species, all from higher elevations south of Bekantschan.

220. EUTHALIA ERIPHYLA, de Nicéville.

E. eriphyle, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soo., vol. vi, p. 353, n. 7 pl. F, fig. 7, male (1891).

E. delmana, Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1893, p. 287, n. 178.

Found in the Khasi Hills; the Ataran Valley, Meplé and the Daunat Range in Middle Tenasserim, Burma; and at Bekantschan at the foot of the Battak mountains in. September, but it appears to be everywhere rare. The type specimen figured and described by me appears to be the dry-season form of this species, which is not found in Sumatra, and is much paler coloured with more prominent markings than the rainy-season form.

221. .*HUTHALIA ALPHEDA, Godart.

Snellen. Both sexes have been figured by Mr. Moore in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., New (second) Series, vol. v, p. 66, n. 6, pl. iii, fig. 4 (1858). As faras I am aware, it is confined to Java, from whence I have obtained specimens, unless, as seems probable, the F. jama of Distant, but not of Felder, from Province Wellesley and Malacca, is a synonym of E. alpheda, in which case it occurs also in the Malay Peninsula (Rhop. Malay., p. 119, n. 4, pl. xiv, fig. 8, male, pl. xv, fig. 4, female (1883).

222, EUTHALIA AGNIS, Vollenhoven.

Adolias agnis, Vollenhoven, Tijd. voor Ent., vol. v, p. 202, n. 27, pl. xii, fig. 2, female (1862). Euthalia agnis, Fruhstorfer, Berl. Ent. Zeit., vol. xxxix, p. 245, pl. xviii, fig. 8, male (1894). Recorded from Java by Vollenhoven and Fruhstorfer. In Sumatra it is only found in the Battak mountains from June to August, and is very rare.

223. FEUTHALIA MERTA, Moore.

Grose Smith. Originally recorded from China by Mr. Moore, but probably in error. Itis found in the Malay Peninsula and at Selesseh in Sumatra, but is excessively rare everywhere.

224, EUTHALIA SAKI, de Nicéville.

E. sakii, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. Ixiii, pt. 2, p. 9, n. 8, pl. iii, fig. 3, female (1894). The type is unique, and Dr. Martin says came from Selesseh.

426 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

225. *“HouTHania PARTA, Moore.

Hagen. Originally described from Borneo. Unknown to us.

226. EUTHALIA ? ZICHRI, Butler.

Originally described (but not figured) from Sarawak in Borneo. Distant describes and figures it from Malacca, but neither figure or description exactly agrees with Butler’s description of the species. Nor do our Sumatran specimens agree much better with the type or the Malacca example. We have here to do either with one very variable species, or several local races. A considerable series from various localities is required to settle the point. In Sumatra itis exceedingly rare, Dr. Martin has obtained two or three specimens only: from the mountains.

227. EUTHALIA ANOSIA, Moore.

Hagen. Everywhere rare throughout its considerable range of habitat. Dr. Martin possesses a single specimen from Kampong Singha- pura, south of Namoe Oekor, captured in April, 1891. Besides this specimen Dr. Martin canght another himself at Ayer Panas, 18 miles inland from the town of Malacca, and near the spot where Dr. A. R. Wallace, F. R.S., captured the type of Prothoé calydonia, Hewitson, and a third in April, 1895, at the lower end of the Jibi Kola, near Darjiling, in the castern Himalayas, all these specimens from widely scparated localities are precisely similar.

998. EUTUALIA LUBENTINA, Cramer.

Hagen as lubentina, Horsfield and Moore [sic]. A rare specics in Sumatra as elsewhere. Occurs at higher elevations in Sumatra, at Socugci Batoe and in the Gayoe mountains. Dr. Martin obtained one pair at Kotta Lembaroe in Deli in 1888.

229. EUTHALIA ADonrIA, Cramer.

Vollenhoven. Hagen as adonia, Horsfield and Moore [sic]. Grose Smith as adoma [sic]. Staudinger. Very rare, Dr. Martin has obtained a single female. It seems to occur at the same elevations and localities as FE. garuda, Moore, and the larva probably feeds on the same tree (mangoe). The specimen now in Dr. Martin’s collection was caught by himsclf on a small mangoe tree behind the Chinese merchant’s house near the Battak resthouse in Bindjei town. He saw a second in June, 1894, also on a mangoe tree in the garden of the Loboe Dalam hospital, bnt as he was on duty, he could not secure it. He has never seen a male.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra, 427

230. Hurnatta (Nora) RAMADA, Moore. Hagen. Not very common, found from Selesseh to Bekantschan.

231. EUTHALIA (Nora) DECORATA, Butler. Originally described as Adolias decoratus from Singapore, and both sexes figured by Butler.

232. Hurnatia (Nora) ERANA, de Nicéville.

E. (Nora) erana, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 46, n. 6, pL L, figs. 1, male; 2, female (1893).

Snellen as salia. Hagen as salia. The E. (Nora) salia of Moore is quite distinct from the present species, and is confined to Java, from whence I possess both sexes. W. erana is very near to FE. decorata, Butler, but the much less extent of the bronzy-greenish (in some speci- mens purplish) coloration, and the greater width and purer whiteness of the inner macular band of the hindwing on the upperside will at once distinguish the males of the two species. Together with ZL. deco- rata it is found in both large and small forests, and at no very great elevation, Neither species is rare.

233. *EUTtHALIA (Nora ?) LAVERNA, Butler.

Hagen. Grose Smith. The male is figured in colours by Mr. Distant from Malacca, the female in black and white from Penang. We have been unable to recognise it from Sumatra. Distant’s figure of the male has much more the appearance of a female than of the opposite sex. The Bornean form I have named F. (Nora) lavernalis.

234. PYRAMEIS CARDUL, Linnaeus.

Snellen. Hagen. Grose Smith. Semper. This cosmopolitan butterfly occurs only on the grassy plains of the Central Plateau, often in large numbers. Dr. Martin only once met with a specimen in the plains near Toentoengan in June, 1888, where it might have been car- ried by one of the sudden storms known locally as “‘Sumatrans.” The late Herr Honrath, to whom Dr. Martin sent spccimens of this species in a letter, at a meeting of the Berlin Entomological Society drew atten- tion to the conspicuously small size, the much darker than normal coloration of the upperside of the hindwing, and the unusually large white triangular spot present on the underside of the hindwing of

the Sumatran form.

235. *PYRAMEIS SAMANI, Hagen.

P. samani, Hagen, Iris, vol. vii, p. 359. (1894). Dr. Hagen described this species from a single torn example

Je ie On

428 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. (No. 3,

obtained in the Karo hills. It is near to P. dejeantii, Godart, from Java. Dr. Martin has seen the specimen, which seems to represent a very good though rare species, as his Battak colleetors never suceeeded in capturing it. It will probably be found more plentifully when the mountains of the Gayoe- and Allas-lands are explored.

236. VANESSA BATTAKANA, de Nieéville, n, sp.

Hasirat: N.-E. Sumatra.

EXpanse: g, 2°53; 9, 26 inches.

DESCRIPTION: Mave and FEMALE. Nearest to V. perakana, Distant, from the Malay Peninsula, from which it may be known by the diseal blue band on the uprersipe of the hindwing being mnch broader, m- vading the discoidal cell; mm the type of V. perakana, now before me, which is a female, it is much narrower, not nearly extending to the cell. The Javan agrees with the Perak species in this feature.

Oecurs on the Central Plateau and the high mountains which surround it in May and Deeember, but is very rare, as Dr. Martin has not obtained more than eight or ten specimens during his residenee in Sumatra. Dr. Hagen has recently caught it in South Sumatra on Mount Kaba, 5,200 fect, a volcano near Mount Dempo, which is also a volcano.

237. SyYMBRENTIIA HIPPOCLUS, Cramer. Hagen as hyppoclus [sic]. Staudinger as hyppoclus [sic]. 238. SyYMBRENTHIA COTANDA, Moore.

Hagen as hypselis, Godardt [sie]. Standinger as kypselis. I consi- der that the trac 9. hypselis, Godart, is confined to Java; the Indian, Burmese, Malayan Peninsnla and Snmatran form being S. cotanda, Moore=8. sinis, de Nieéville, Jonrn. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 357, n. 10, pl. F, fig. 9, male (1891). .

239. SYMBRENTHIA HYPATIA, Wallace.

S. hypatia, Fruhstorfer, Stet. Ent. Zeit., vol. lv, p. 125, pl. iii, fig. 4, male (1894).

Hagen. Distant has figured this spceies from Perak, and Fruhstor- fer from W. Java, both from males, but neither figure is good. The three Sumatran species of Symbrenthia are fairly common on snitable spots, and are thns distributed :—S. hippoclus, Cramer, occurs nearest to the sea, but extends over the whole of our area up to the Central Plateau. S. cotandc, Moore, first appears south of Namoe Ockor, Dr. Martin took his first specimen near Kampong Singhapura. S. hypatia is first met with at the elevation of Bekantschan ; both the last-named species extend

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 429

to the Central Plateau, They like low and small forest, or open places in large forest, and settle on roads and also on the leaves of shrubs and low-growing plants with open wings. Dr. Martin has bred ©. hippoclus on the Rameh plant (Urticacez); the larve live socially, five or six together, in a single leaf with its edges joined by silk strands so as to make a shelter. The pupæ are somewhat similar to those of Vanessa urtica, Linnæus, the Small Tortoishell Butterfly” of Europe, and lke the species of Vanessa and Pyrameis the newly-emerged butterfly emits a pigmented fluid of a red colour. The larve are common in Novem- ber and December, the butterflies are very plentiful during the first months of the year, but all the remaining months of the year they are only seen sporadically and rarely. It appears possible that S. hippoclus is single-brooded, and that some surviving examples live throughout the year and propagate the species the next season. The second (white) form of female which occurs in Java is not found in Sumatra. All the species of Syizbrenthia are on the upperside of the Wings very similar to the small yellow species of Neptis, which they may perhaps mimic when at rest, but their flight is totaily different, being exceSsively rapid, so that it is almost impossible te follow them with the eye.

240. RHINOPALPA POLYNICE, Cramer,

Hagen. Semper as polinice [sic]. Kirby. Staudinger. This species was described and figured by Cramer from a male from the west coast of Sumatra. R. falra, Felder, described from Malacca, is an absolute synonym, specimens from Assam, Burma, and the Malay Pen- insula being indistinguishable from Sumatran ones. The Javan species, R. elpinice, Felder, is quite distinct. R. polynice is found only in large forest, and occurs all over our area except in the higher mountains and on the Central Plateau. The males are fond of fæces on forest roads; the females are very rare and seldom seen in collections. Perhaps they escape capture by their coloration being very different from that of the males, as on the wing the female closely resembles a common Cirrhochroa.

941. CYRESTIS NIVALIS, Felder.

C. nivea, Zinken-Sommer, var. interrupta, Snellen, Tijd. voor Ent., vol. xxxiii, p. 217 (1890).

Grose Smith as nivea. Snellen as recaranus, Westwood ( = nirea, Zinken-Sommer, teste Snellen), and as nivea, var. interrupta. Hagen as nivea. Staudinger as nirea var. nivalis, and nivalis. C. nivalis is a good species, and is found commonly in Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo, and differs from O. nivea, Zinken-Sommer, from

430 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No, 3,

Java “In not having a continuous fuscous [costal] margin to the fore- wing on the upperside, and in the greater amount of ochraceous colora- tion near the anal angle of the hindwing on the upperside.” (Distant). Found in Sumatra from near the sea to Soengei Batoe on forest roads, where it settles with wide-spread wings on moist places and by the side of small pools; if pursued it settles on the underside of leaves by the roadside. On the wing when flying rapidly along a forest road in search of moisture it may easily be taken for a pierine butterfly. All the butterflies of this genus in India are well named “The Map” from their characteristic markings and coloration. :

242. Crrestis IRMÆ, Forbes.

C. irmæ, Forbes, A Naturalist’s Wanderings, p. 274 (1885).

C. mænalis, var. sumatrensis, Staudinger, Ex. Schmett., p. 133 (1886).

Forbes. Staudinger as mænalis, var. sumatrensis. Semper as mænalis. I have redescribed this species in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. vi, p. 358, n. 11 (1891). It occurs in the hills of Perak in the Malay Peninsula at 3-4,000 fect elevation. C. mænalis, Erichson, is a distinct species, and is found in the Philippine Isles. From the point where C. nivalis, Felder, no longer occurs, at Soengei Batoe and on the higher mountains and the Central Plateau, this beautiful and very distinet species is found commonly throughout the year. It is somewhat smaller than C. nivalis. The Battak collectors report that it comes down to the small hill streams in crowds with numerous Pierinæ to suck up the moisture.

243, CYRESTIS PERIANDER, Fabricius.

Grose Smith. Standinger. This beautiful species occurs only on the western boundary of our arca at higher elevations. Herr M. Ude, the Enropean collector of Dr. H. Dohrn, took some thirty specimens near Bohorok in May, 1894. Dr. Martin obtained his first specimens from Kepras in January, 1895, and also a single example, perhaps a straggler to the south-east, from the Karo mountains in December, 189-4. Dr. Martin has caught it himself on the Penang Hill, or “ The Crag.”

O44, Cyrestis THERESE, de Nicéville.

C. theresw, de Nicéville, Journ. A. 5S. B., vol. lxiii, pt. 2, p. 18, n. 14, pl. v, fig. S, male (1894).

Dr. Martin obtained a single specimen in May, 1893, from the forest near Selesseh, caught by a very clever and intelligent Chinese collector. Mr. de Nicéville recognised it at once as a species new to science, and at Dr. Martin’s request named it in honour of H. R. H. Princess Therese of Bavaria, who is well-known by her valuable

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 431

works as a scientific traveller. As Dr. Martin almost simultaneously received a large consigument of butterflies from 8.-E. Borneo (Band- jermasin), and amongst them a considerable number of this species, we were surprised to find that it had not already been described from that island. It is probable that it previously stood in collections as the really very distinct C. lutea, Zinken-Sommer. The late Pro- fessor Westwood appears to have been of opinion that the yellow male of C. lutea has a white female. I have never seen a female of that species, though the male is excessively common. Even Dr. Staudinger has no female in his unrivalled collection so he writes to me. C. theresx stands in his collection under the MS. name of C. thyonneoides, from Borneo.

245. Cyrestis (Chersonesia) RAHRIA, Moore.

Hagen as rahria, Westwood [sic]. Staudinger as rahria, Westwood [sic]. A common species in Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Nias, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo. The name rahria is a MS. one of Westwood’s; as Moore figured it (though he did not describe it), the species is properly Moore’s.

246. Cyrresris (Chersonesia) INTERMEDIA, Martin.

C. intermedia, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra, pt. 2, p- 4, n. 5 (1895).

247. Cyrestis (Chersonesia) PERAKA, Distaut.

Always a rare species, I possess specimens from the Daunat Range, Tenasserim, Burma; Perak in the Malay Peninsula; and Bekantschan and the Battak mountains of Sumatra taken in July and October. Dr. Martin has specimens from Java.

248. Cyrestis (Chersonesia) NICEVILLEI, Martin.

C. nicévillei, Martin, Einige neue Tagschmetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra, pt. 2, p. 4, n. 6 (1895).

Rare, occurs ouly in the Battak mountains in May and July. It is a very distinct species, the coloration of the upperside is of a very rich and deep orange, and the fourth pair of black lines counting from the base of the wing on the upperside of the forewing is twice broken, a unique character in the subgenus.

249. Cyrestis (Chersonesia) CYANEE, de Nicéville.

C. (Chersonesia) cyanee, de Nicéville, Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. viii, p. 49, n. 8, pl. L, figs. 6, male; 7, female (1893).

A local race of O. risa, Doubleday and Hewitson, found from

432 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

Kumaon to Assam and in Burma, also recorded from Java. Dr. Martin in “Einige neue Tagselimetterlinge von Nordost-Sumatra,” pt. 2, p. 7, (1895), reeords C. cyanee from Burma, but probably in error, as far as I know it is confined to N.-E. Sumatra. All the species of Chersonesia in Sumatra oeeur only in forests, and unlike true Cyrestes never go to roads or moist places, but keep to low bushes and rest on the underside of the leaves, They fly weakly and are easily eaptured. Nearest to the sea, plentiful near Laboean, appears C. rahria, Moore. Higher up, from Namoe Oekor to Bekantschan, occurs the small C. peraka, Distant, From Bekantsehan to the Central Plateau fly O. cyanee and O. nicévillet, Martin. C. intermedia, Martin, is confined to the North-Western limits of our area, as all the specimens were obtained from the Gayoe eol- lectors. C.rahria and C. cyanee are the common speeies, O. peraka and C. intermedia are very rare, and the most beautiful and distinct C. nicévillei is the rarest of all.

950. KALLIMA BUxTONI, Moore.

Snellen as paralecta. Hagen as paralecta. Both sexes of this speeies were originally described from Sumatra; it occurs also in the Malay Peninsula at Perak and Sungei Ujong, and again in Borneo. The apex of the forewing in the female is not produeed into a long point in this species as it is in many others. I was ineorreet in stating in the Gazetteer of Sikhim, p. 146, n. 226 (1894) that the Sumatran Kallima like the Javan K. paralecta, Horsfield, has a yellow-banded male and a bluish-white-banded female, both sexes being alike in this parti- cular. When writing the paragraph in question, I had yellow males and bluish-white females only from Sumatra, so eame to the perhaps natural conclusion that the phenomenon which is unique in the Javan oceurs also in the Sumatran species. Since then I have obtained both sexes of both the Sumatran species of Kallima, and find that the opposite sexcs of each are alike. K. buxtona is always a rare insect in Deli, occurring from Selesseh to Bekantschan. It is very fond of imbibing the sap from wounded trees. The Malay and Javan eollectors call it “Koepoe Bandera, the Flag Butterfly,” as its red and blue colours resemble the same colours in the Dutch tricolour.

951, KALLIMA SPIRIDIVA, Grose Smith.

K. spiridiva, Grose Smith, A Naturalist’s Wanderings, p. 274 (1885); K. spiridion, Grose Smith and Kirby, Rhop. Ex., pl. Kallima i, figs. 1, 2, male (1892).

Grose Smith. Femaue differs from the male only in the hindwing on the upperside being paler, more brown; and in the forewing having the apex produced into a somewhat short point, half the length of that

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 433

found in the female of K. knyvettii, de Nicéville, from Bhutan, which is a closely allied species. Occurs at higher elevations than K. buxtoni, Moore, from Bekantschan to the mountains which surround the Central Plateau in April and July; is also rarer than the yellow species. Both are found only in large forest.

252. DoOLESCHALLIA PRATIPA, Felder.

Snellen as bisaltide. Hagen as bisaltide and pratipa. Distant doubtfully from Sumatra as bisaltide. The Sumatran form agrees exactly with the one from the Malay Peninsula which has been des- eribed by Felder as D. pratipa. Whether it should be known by the older names of D. bisaltide or D. polibete, both of Cramer, I am not prepared to say, as several of the species of this genus are so variable that to define their limits seems the more difficult the greater number of specimens one obtains, more especially as the variations do not appear to be confined to geographical areas. The female of the Sumatran form agrees very fairly with Cramer’s figures C and D of pl. cii of. Pap. Ex., which also appears to have been taken from a female, and is named “ Papilio” bisaltide from “ Surinam,” a probable lapsus calami for Sumatra. But I have no specimen agreeing exactly with that figure. The Himalayan, Assamese, Burman, South Indian, Ceylonese, Anda- manese and Nicobarese form is fairly constant, and is usually identified as D. polibete, originally described from Amboina. Hagen records two species of the genus from Sumatra, but this is almost certainly incorrect. D. pratipa in Sumatra flies from near the sea to the elevation of Bekantschan, but not higher, and is found in forests and also near houses which are surrounded by fruit trees and small jungle. The females are much rarer than the males. The latter are especially partial to settling on old weod, and are commonly found resting on or flying round wooden bridges on forest roads. Dr. Martin has frequently noticed them resting on wooden bullock carts left on jungle roads, to which they return again and again if disturbed. Dr. Hagen bred it at Laboean, the larva feeding on the Jack-tree ( Artocarpus integrifolia, Linnæus).

253. CHARAXES (Hulepis) DELPHIS, Doubleday.

Hagen. Kirby as concha. The C. concha of Vollenhoven was des- eribed from Padang, Sumatra, and is a synonym of this species. Next to O. kadenii, Felder, this is the most beautiful species of Charazes found in Sumatra. It occurs from near the sea to the elevation of Be- kantschan, but not higher. Though it is met with everywhere over a large area it is never as plentiful as are O. dolon, Westwood, and C. eudamitppus, Doubleday, in Sikhim in the beds of streams in the spring. As the

434 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

Gayoe collectors brought this species in some.numbers, it may perhaps be less rare in the north of Sumatra. No female has been obtained. The male is fond of fæces on forest roads; also small pools and moist places on roads, especially if there are any Pierinæ assembled to suck up the moisture, with whom the big Charazes always associates, In such spots will be found sitting in the hottest sun perhaps half a hundred or more Cafopsilias and Appias hippo, Cramer, and amongst them one Charaxes delphis, numbers of similarly-coloured butterflies evidently affording mutual protection. Dr. Martin’s Javan collector Saki in conse- quence of this characteristic used to call C. delphis the “ Koepoe Raja,” because it sat amongst the Prerinæ like a Raja surrounded by his followers. C. delphis is not restricted only to big jungle, but is found on roads far from the forest, if only there arc assembled the protecting Pierine, Dr. Martin notes that in 1886 he gave up collecting for some time, till in August, 1887, when on his way to pay a medical visit at the Kloempang Estate, he saw at five o’clock in the evening a fine specimen of C. delphis, which was seeking a comfortable night’s lodging under the roof of a tobacco shed. As Dr. Martin was on horseback he conld not catch the butterfly, but on shewing it toa passing Chinese coolic this man was so clever as to kill it without any damage by throwing a picce of wood at it. Dr. Martin took it home in his note bock, and from that day commenced a new collection on pins, which is now in the Royal Museum at Munich, and of course includes this specimen which instigated his commencing to re-collect, and to which may also be due the production of this paper.

254. *Craraxes (Mulepis) SCHREIBERI, Godart.

Dr. Hagen informed Dr. Martin that he obtained this rare species from his Gayoe collectors. It would appear that the north-western boundary of our area is the head-quarters of the genus in Sumatra, as the Gayoes always brought in three or four times as many speci- mens of Charaxes as the Battaks did. C. schreiberi probably does occur in Sumatra, as it is certainly found in the Malay Peninsula, Java and Borneo. It is singular, however, that Dr, Hagen should have omitted it from both his papers. Dr. Martin picked up from the ground two forewings without body of this species in Fort Canning in the middle of Singapore. It is most remarkable how frequently the only record we have of this species is from single wings picked up in a similar way. It would secm to be that O. schreiberi is greatly persecuted by birds.

255. Cuaraxes (Hulepis) Kapentt, Felder.

Dr. Wallace obtained the first known specimen of O., kadenw in

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 435

Western Java at a high elevation in 1861, and very appropriately called it “ The Calliper Butterfly,” since when only very few specimens have reached Europe. In 1889 Dr. Martin found only one old and worn specimen in all the larger German collections when visited by him, which specimen is now in the Berlin Museum. The first in Sumatra was obtained from the Central Plateau in 1892, where alone it is found, and although Dr. Martin offered a special bonus of a dollar for every further specimen, only seven in all were brought in. Nearly all were captured on the feces of Karbouw buffaloes, deposited on the sandy river banks where the buffaloes used to drink, Herr H. Fruhstorfer was sent to Java by the late Herr Honrath to collect Rhopalocera, but with special instructions to look out for O. kadeniz, but he was not successful in getting it. Since then a retired non- commissioned officer of the Dutch Indian Army settled in Java, Heer C. E. Prillwitz, has captured eight specimens in Preanger.

256. CHARAXES (Hulepis) ATHAMAS, Drury.

Snellen. Hagen as athamas and samatha. Mr. Moore described O. samatha from Tenasserim, and afterwards recorded and figured it from Ceylon. It isa synonym of O. athamas, which latter is without doubt the commonest of all the Charawes in Deli, occurring from near the sea to Bekantschan and Soengei Batoe; females are very rare. The males are very fond of moist places and fæces, to which they will always return after being disturbed ; when frightened they retire temporarily to the leaves of the higher trees well out of reach, and settle with folded wings. On the wing they are not easily differentiated from the Pierinæ, only their flight is very much stronger and more rapid.

257. CHARAXES (Hulepis) HEBE, Butler.

Grose Smith. Butler. Staudinger. Kirby. Distant. Originally described from Sumatra.

258. Cuaraxes (Hulepis) moor, Distant.

Hagen.

259. CHARAXES (Hulepis) satysus, Felder,

We have here to do with three very difficult species, or perhaps we may say two, as C. jalysus appears to be fairly constant, though I am not at all sure that it will not hereafter be found to gradually merge into the two previously-named species. O. jalysus has the greenish-white areas of both wings on both sides the largest of the three. C. moort appears to be best distinguished from O. hebe by having the inner

J. 1. 55

436 L. de Nieéville & Dr. L, Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3,

edge of the broad outer black margin to the forewing on the upperside straight and even, ending sharply on the inner margin of the wing at some distance from the inner angle, in C. hebe the inner edge of the band is much waved, it does not end sharply on the inner margin, and it often ends at the anal angle instead of extending along the inner margin for some distanee as it always does in C. moort, The width of the outer black border to the hindwing on the upperside is very vari- able, but it appears to be usually broader and better defined in C. moort than in C. hebe, in which latter species it is sometimes redueed to a double series of blaek spots (as in Butler’s figure) being the remnants of ineom- plete ocelli. The width and extent of the greenish-white areas on the underside are exeessively variable in the two speeies, and as far as I ean judge from my large series of specimens from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, present no specific characters. Herr Röber in Ent. Nach., vol. xx, p. 290, and vol. xxi, p. 63 (1894-95), has been at the pains to dcfine the athamas, hebe, and galysus groups of Charaxes, and describes many new speeies, with which we have to deal with C. heracles, Röber, from Borneo (in his first paper), and from Borneo and Deli in Sumatra (in his second paper), supposed to be a loeal raee of C. moort; and C. albanus, Rober, from Deli, Sumatra, snpposed to be a local race of C. hebe. These two species have been deseribed from most inadequate material, and are in my opinion ab- solute synonyms of C. moort and C. hebe respeetively. Considering the many bad spceies that have been ereated in the C. athamas group, it is extraotdinary that Herr Röber should have evolved a similar chaos in the C. hebe group. In the C. athamas group he deseribes from single female examples O. fruhstorferi from South Java, and C. phrivus, also from Java, while admitting that he has never seen the female of the most common of all the speeies of the group, O. athamas, Drury. In his first paper he puts C. hebe and C. moort in one group, in his seeond paper he makes two groups of them. In his first paper he gives O. hebe from Sumatra, in his second he gives the Sumatran form of C. hebe a new specifie name, thongh the species was originally described from Sumatra, and names the Javan form of CO. hebe—C. java- nus. Mr. Frulstorfer in Ent. Nach., vol. xxi, p. 197 (1895) has de- seribed still another Charaxes from Noith Borneo of the moort group, whieh he has named C, sandakanus.

The three foregoing species are all mueh rarer than C. athamas, but are quite similar in their habits. C. hebe and O. moort occur at lower elevatious tu the Battak mountains from Selesseh to Bekantsehan, whereas C. jalysus was mostly captured by the Gayoe collectors in the forests west of Langkat leading to their country. We have seen no females of either of these species.

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 437

` 260. CHARAXES ECHO, Butler,

Originally described from Singapore, recorded from Borneo by Druce. It is one of the rarest insects in our area, as two specimens only have been captured, both in high forest near Selesseh. It is smaller and darker than the allied O. fabius, Fabricius, of India and Burma.

261. CHARAXES (Haridra) BORNEENSIS, Butler.

Grose Smith. Distant. Like O. delphis, Doubleday, and O. galysas, Felder, except a few specimens from the Battak mountains, has only been captured in the forests west and north of Selesseh, by the Gayoes while collecting gutta percha. Dr. Martin possesses one specimen taken in Asahan in 1891, We have not seen its female.

262. CHARAXES (Haridra) DURNFORDI, Distant.

This species was originally described from Sungei Ujong in the Malay Peninsula from a single male. An allied species is O. nicholit, Grose Smith, described from Burma, and figured in Rhopalocera Exotica, vol. i, pl. Charazes ii, figs. 1, 2, male (1887). I possess a single specimen of this very rare species caught by Colonel C. T. Bingham in October, in the bed of the Kaukareit stream at the foot of the Daunat Range, Tenasserim, which differs from the figure of O. nicholit in its larger size, the ocelli on the upperside of the hindwing larger, within which from the costal nervure to the first median nervule is a waved black line, anteriorly prominent, posteriorly be- coming obsolete. C. durnfordi is very rare in Sumatra, rarer even than O. kadenii, Felder, as Dr. Martin obtained only five specimens. Occurs in heavy forest on the lower ranges and outer spurs of the Battak mountains, where Dr. Martin in 1888 captured his first male specimen at Roemah Kenangkong, now in the royal collection at Munich. Dr. Hagen took a male in J891, at Bandar Quala in Serdang. In 1892 Dr. Martin received a female from a Battak collector, which is larger and duller coloured than the male, the whitish-violet markings on the upperside of the hindwing of greater extent, and the tails longer.

263. CuHaraxes (Haridra) HARPAX, Felder.

Hagen. Snellen as polywena. Moore. It was originally described without habitat; and has been recorded from Lower Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. ©. polyxena, Cramer, was described from a male from China, and is the oldest name of all the tawny group of Charares. O. harpax is found in Sumatra from the

438 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 8,

sea (Paya Bakong) to Bekantschan. It occurs in every forest, where it is especially partial to fæces and moist spots. It is a very variable insect as regards the extent of the black coloration on the upperside of the forewing, and the colouring of both wings on the underside. Some of our specimens agree very well with Mr. Moore’s figures of C. corax, Felder, in Lep. Ind., vol. ii, pl. clxxv (1895). This species is restricted by Mr. Moore to Sikhim, Bhutan, Assam and Burma. Other specimens agree very closely with the figures of C. hierax, Felder, given on the next plate of Mr. Moore’s work above mentioned, and re- corded by him from Assam only. Of the three names, harpaz, corax, and hierax, the last is the oldest. It is more than probable, however, that the species will hereafter stand as C. baya, Moore, originally described from Java, which is still older, and with the description of which (it has never been figured) some of our specimens agree very closely. The females are very rare; Dr. Martin possesses two only. The tails are much longer than in the male, and somewhat spoon-shaped, one specimen in Dr. Martin’s collection has two tails, one each at the terminations of the first and third median nervules.

264. Caraxes (Haridra) aristocrton, Felder.

Originally described without locality, but found in the eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. Our specimens agrce better with Mr. Moore’s figures of O. desa, Moore, Lep. Ind., pl. elsxii, from Lower Burma, but I am not prepared to admit that species to be distinct from C. aristogiton. Occurs only at the higher clevations, from Bekantschan to the Central Plateau, is not very common, and is not atall variable as is O. harpaw, Felder. The underside of both wings is of a richer and darker red than in specimens from Sikhim. No female has been obtained.

265. Cuaraxes (Haridra) pistanti, Honrath.

Originally described from Perak and Sarawak (Borneo). It is perhaps a local race of O. marmazx, Westwood, from the eastern Hima- layas, Assam and Burma, but may be instantly known from it by the basal half of the costa of the forewing on the underside being pure snow-white instead of concolorous with the rest of the wing. Occurs in Middle Tenasscrim of Lower Burma, and in Sumatra in the forests of the plains, at Paya Bakong and at Selesseh, perhaps not higher than Namoc Ockor. Itis a rare species, and we have not seen its female.

266. ProtHoe catyponta, Hewitson.

Originally described from Malacca. Two local races of this splendid

1895.] L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin— Butterflies of Sumatra. 439

butterfly have recently been defined, P. belisama, Crowley, from Tonghou, Central Burma, and P. chrysodonia, Staudinger, from Davao, S.-H. Mindanao, inthe Philippine Isles. In Sumatra P. calydonia is found only in forest from Selesseh to Bekantschan and higher, and is rare as it always is everywhere. Dr. Martin took his first specimen, the first known from Sumatra, in October, 1888, near Kampong Roemah Kenangkong on a wounded tree where it was sucking up the juice. Since then he has obtained eight other specimens. As above mentioned (p. 420, n. 202), there may be found over a large area of forest only one pair of this strong-winged butterfly, which likes to keep to the higher trees, quite out of the reach of the net, but is fond of fæces and strong smelling things such as carrion, to which itis often attracted and caught. From Wallace’s account of the capture of the type specimen of the species at Ayer-panas in Malacca it is known how closely this insect keeps to one place, even to the same tree. It was on the fourth day, after having missed it the three previous days, and on the very same tree, that Dr. Fried] Martin caught his first specimen at Aer Kesoengei in Asahan. P. calydonia settles with the head downwards on tree trunks, and makes while feeding the same rotating movements of the hindwings as is done by many Lyccenide.

267. PROTHOE ANGELICA, Butler.

Grose Smith as franckii. Hagen as frankii [sic], Godardt [sic]. Wallace as franckii. Distant. Semper. The true P. franckii, Godart, is confined to Java. Occurs in Sumatra in the same localities and elevations as P. calydonia, Hewitson, but is not so rare; settles also on tree trunks with its head downwards.

Family LEMONIID Ai.

Subfamily Lipytuaina. 268. LIBYTHEA MYRRHA, Godart.

Hagen as myrrha, Godardt [sic]. Found in forest from Selesseh to Soengei Batoe, and is not very common. It is fond of settling with folded wings on wet sand on the banks of small streams.

269. LIBYTHEA NARINA, Godart.

The L. rohini of Marshall is a syronym of this species. Occurs in Sumatra near to the sea, as Dr. Martin obtained his first specimen near Kamborg-house between the Saentis and Mabar Estates in May, 1890. Found also at Selesseh, but does not extend higher than Namoe Oekor, and is very rare.

440 L. de Nicéville & Dr. L. Martin — Butterflies of Sumatra. [No. 3, Subfamily Nemgosuna.

270. ZEMEROS ALBIPUNCTATA, Butler.

Hagen as flegyas. Staudinger. Distant.

271. ZEMEROS EMESOIDES, Felder.

Hewitson. Grose Smith as Temeros [sic] emesoides. Both species of Zemeros are found chiefly in forests on the flowers or red fruits of some shrub of medium height, on which they feed. They rest with half open wings. Both species are very delicate, and it is almost impossible to obtain a perfect example of either for